Download Free Medical Unit 2 Forensic Serology 3 (Blood Typing) PowerPoint Presentation

Unit 2 Forensic Serology 3 (Blood Typing) PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Presents Blood typing which is a method of classifying blood based on the presence or absence of specific proteins, called antigen on the surface of red blood cells. The presentation also explains the Methods of Blood typing and the principle involved in the determination of blood of an individual

Tags : Forensic Serology

Published on : Oct 13, 2020 | Views : 2109 | Downloads : 22

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Blood Typing (Forensic Practice) Dr. Melody Joy V. Mique
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Blood typing Blood typing is a method of classifying blood based on the presence or absence of specific proteins, called antigen, on the surface of red blood cells. Antigen > any substance that stimulates an immune response in the body > A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody. Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs.
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Significance of Blood Typing 1. During medical procedures, such as surgery and transfusions, 2. Paternity testing 3. Serve as evidence in criminal investigations. 4. Can help provide supporting evidence for suspects involvement in a crime 5. Eliminate a possible suspect’s involvement in a crime
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The Blood Group System 1. ABO Blood Group System Blood Types of A, B, AB, O 2. RH Blood Group System RH + and RH- 3. MN Blood Group System Agglutinogen M, N, S and s
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History of Blood Typing ( ABO System) The chemical residues present on the surface of red blood cells are the basis of blood typing. These were first described early in the twentieth century by the Austrian-born American immunologist Karl Landsteiner , who subsequently developed the typing criteria. Landsteiner noted the presence of two distinct molecule protein antigens A and B the surface of red blood cells. Type A blood is comprised of red blood cells that have only the A molecule on the surface of their blood Type B blood is comprised of red blood cells that have only the B molecule on the surface of their blood Type AB blood is comprised of RBC that have both A and B molecules in their blood on the surface of their blood. Type O blood is devoid of both molecules A and B.
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ABO Blood Group System
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Fundamental Principle For every antigen, there exist a specific antibody for it, thus the antigen and antibodies present in the blood will impart blood type characteristics. Antigen = present in RBC Antibody= present in serum (yellowish fluid from clotted blood)
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Methods of Blood Typing 1. Direct Blood Typing/Forward Blood Typing 2. Indirect Blood Typing/Reverse Blood Typing
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Methods of Blood Typing 1. Direct Blood Typing/Forward Blood Typing Principle: Determination of the kind of antigen present in red blood cell using commercial antisera Reagents: Anti-A = blue color (gastric mucosa of horse) Anti-B = yellow color ( gastric mucosa of hog) Specimen: Blood * The determination of blood type can be easily done by mixing a sample of blood with antibodies to the A or B components. In the presence of the correct antibody, the blood cells will clump together, forming a visible precipitate.
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Methods of Blood Typing 2. Indirect Blood Typing/Reverse Blood Typing = it’s the determination of the antibody present in the body Principle: Determination of the kind of antibody present in the blood(antibody A and antibody-B) Reagents: A cell= serum or plasma of a type A blood B cell= serum or plasma of a type B blood Specimen: Plasma or serum > It requires using red blood cells with known antigen,
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* The determination of blood type can be easily done by mixing a sample of blood with cell A and cell B. In the presence of the correct antigen, the blood cells will clump together, forming a visible precipitate.
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The RH Blood TYping The Rh (Rhesus) blood group system (including the Rh factor) is one of thirty current human blood group systems. Clinically, it is the most important blood group system after ABO. At present, the Rh blood group system is consists of 50 defined blood-group antigens, among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important. The commonly used terms Rh factor, Rh positive and Rh negative refer to the D antigen only.
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Rh factor, was also discovered by Landsteiner, derives its name from the Rhesus monkey, a species similar to us and so one that is used in medical studies. The Rh factor of human blood was discovered in blood comparisons between humans and the Rhesus monkey. Rh factor is a protein that is present in the blood of some people (who are described as Rh positive, or Rh+. Some people lack the blood protein, and so are described as being Rh negative (Rh-).
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Roles of Rh Factor (D antigen) 1. Significant during Blood Transfusion ( Compatibility testing) 2. Significant in the determination of the risk of Hemolytic Disease of the New Born (HDN)
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Roles of Rh Factor (D antigen) 1. Blood Transfusion ( Compatibility testing) if an Rh-negative person receives a blood transfusion from an Rh-positive person it can result in hemolysis and anemia hemo-) meaning "blood“ -lysis) meaning a "loosing", "setting free" or "releasing“ Blood typing is especially important during pregnancy. If the mother is found to be Rh-, the father should also be tested. If the father has Rh+ blood, the mother needs to receive a treatment to help prevent the development of substances that may harm the unborn baby. If you are Rh+, you can receive Rh+ or Rh- blood. If you are Rh-, you can only receive Rh- blood.
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2. Determination of the risk of Hemolytic Disease of the New Born ( erythroblastosis fetalis) for prevention Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is also termed as hemolytic disease of the Fetus and Newborn(HDFN), or Erythroblastosis Fetalis, occurs when an Rh negative mother has a baby with an Rh positive father. When the baby's Rh factor is positive, like the father's, problems can develop if the baby's red blood cells cross to the Rh negative mother. = IgG molecules (one of the five main types of antibodies) produced by the mother pass through the placenta. IgG antibodies attack the Red Blood cells in the fetal circulation; the red cells are broken down and the fetus can develop Reticulocytosis and Anemia.
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An erythroblast is a type of red blood cell which still retains a cell nucleus. It is the immediate precursor of a normal erythrocyte The mother's immune system sees the baby's Rh positive red blood cells as "foreign." Just as when bacteria invade the body, the immune system responds by developing antibodies to fight and destroy these foreign cells. The mother's immune system then keeps the antibodies in case the foreign cells appear again, even in a future pregnancy. The mother is now "Rh sensitized
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Prevention of hemolytic disease of the newborn: This fetal disease ranges from mild to very severe, and fetal death from heart failure (hydrops fetalis) can occur. When the disease is moderate or severe, many erythroblasts are present in the fetal blood and so these forms of the disease can be called erythroblastosis fetalis (or erythroblastosis fetalis). Erythroblast = immature erythrocytes (with nucleus Blood Cells
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Women with Rh negative blood are identified in early pregnancy by blood testing. If a mother is Rh negative and has not been sensitized, she is usually given a drug called Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg), also known as RhoGAM. This is a specially developed blood product that can prevent an Rh negative mother's antibodies from being able to react to Rh positive cells
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