Vaccines Medical Presentation

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Published on : Mar 21, 2018 | Views : 2172 | Downloads : 3

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Vaccines Vaccines and sera are biological products that act by reinforcing the immunogical defense of the body against foreign agencies.
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Vaccine is an immuno-biological substanaces designed to produce specific protection against a specific disease. Types of vaccines: Vaccines are of 3 types Killed (inactivated) vaccines: consist of microorganisms killed by heat or chemical Live attenuated vaccines:-consist of live bacteria or viruses which have been made avirulent Toxoids: are modified bacterial exotoxins so that toxicity is lost but antigenecity is retained
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Killed( inactivated ) Vaccines
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Live Attenuated Vaccine
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Toxoids Diptheria toxoid Tetanus Toxoid
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Antisera Purified and conc. Preparation of serum of horse actively immunised against a specific antigen. Through antisera readymade antibodies is transferred They provide an immediate cure so they are curative
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Antisera ( from horse ) Tetanus antitoxin (ATS) Gas gangrene antitoxin (AGS) Diptheria antitoxin (ADS) Antirabies serum (ARS) Antisnake Venom polyvalent
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Inactivated poliomylitis vaccine (IPV, Salk vaccine) It is inactivated suspension of the virus which is preferred over OPV only for: Primary immunization in adult (risk of vaccine associated paralysis following OPV is higher in adults) In immune compromised patient.
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TT ( Tetanus Toxoid) It is a formaline treated exotoxin of tetanus bacilli, indicated for routine immunization in all children and adults and used to provide active immunity against tetanus toxin Dose: 0.5 ml, preferable route is i.m., can also be given s.c.
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During childhood five doses are recommended, followed by additional doses every ten years. After three doses almost everyone is immune. In those who are not up to date on their tetanus immunization a booster should be given within 48 hours of an injury.
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Primary immunization: Two doses are given 4-6 weeks apart (TT adsorbed) Booster dose should be given after 1 year and then every 10 years In non immunized or adequately immunized individuals TT should be given after any injury Tetanus toxoid for women (15-44 year) 0.5 ml – 1st dose 0.5 ml – after 4 weeks 0.5 ml – after 6 months 0.5 ml – after 1 year or subsequent pregnancy
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TT for pregnancy 1st dose = 16-18 week of pregnancy 2nd dose= 22-24 week of pregnancy 3rd dose= 34-36 week of pregnancy For subsequent pregnancy single dose of TT is adequate
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Rabies vaccine This vaccine is used for prevention of rabies in person bitten by rabid or suspected rabid (affected by rabies virus) animals Types of rabies vaccine: Antirabic vaccine carbolized (simple vaccine) Purifies chick embryo cell vaccine ( PCEV) Human diploid cell vaccine (HPCV) Purified verocell rabies vaccine (PVRL)
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Antirabic vaccine carbilized (simple vaccine) It is a 5% suspension of sheep brain substance containing carbolic acid fixed rabies virus in 5 & 50 ml vials Dose: post dog bite prophylaxis – 2to 5 ml s.c. in anterior abdominal wall daily for 14 days Purified Chick Embryo Cell Vaccine (PCEV): It is a flurry-Lep strain of rabies virus grown on chick fibroblast and inactivated by beta-propiolactone, available as 2.5 IU one ampoule (Rabipur) Dose: post exposure treatment- 6 doses muscular injection of 1 ml each are given on day 0,3,7,14,30 and 90 Primary prophylaxis- 3 doses at 1 mnth interval and booster after 1 year.
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Hepatitis B This vaccine is prepared in yeast cells by recombinant DNA technique and contains aluminium hydroxide adsorbed hepatitis B virus surface antigen 20 micro gram in 1 ml suspension Three 1 ml injections in the deltoid muscle given at 0,1,and 6 mnths produced protective antibody Children below 10 yrs are given 0.5 ml in thigh Now includes in universal immunization for all but is especially indicated for vulnerable people
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Antisnake venom (ASV) serum polyvalent It is available as purified, enzyme refined and concentrated globulin in lyophilized vials with 10 ml ampoules of distilled water After reconstitution, each ml neutralizes: 0.6 mg standard Cobra Venum 0.6 mg of standard Russel’s viper venom 0.45 mg of standard Sawscaled viper 0.45 mg of standard Krait Dose: 20 ml i.v. (1 ml/min injection) repeated at 1-6 hourly intervals till symptoms of envenomation dissapear upto 300 ml may be require in viper bites, while still larger amounts (upto 900ml) have been used in cobra bites, but it is important to continue ASV treatment till evidence of envenomation persists
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Tetanus Antitoxin (antititanic serum, ATS) It is obtained from horse. It is inferior to human antitoxin and should be used only when tetanus immunoglobulin is not available. Dose: Prophylaxis: 1500-3000IU i.m. or s.c. Treatment: 50000-1000000 part i.v. and rest i.m.
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Choleras The vaccine contains heat killed vibrio cholera. Dose : 0.5 ml s.c. 2-3 injections at 2-4 weeks intervals, booster dose may be given every 2-3 years
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Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Inactivated is a vaccine that protects against Japanese encephalitis. For primary immunization: Primary immunization consists of two intramuscular doses, 4 weeks apart. A booster is recommended after 1 year.
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TAB TAB stands for Typhoid & Paratyphoid-A + Paratyphoid-B (vaccine) Depending on the formulation it can be given starting at the age of two or five years old. Three or four doses are then given, with a dose every two days. Different authorities recommend additionally doses every one to seven years