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The Role of Pathology in Drug Safety Evaluation PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "The Role of Pathology in Drug Safety Evaluation" by John L. Vahle, D.V.M., PhD.

This medical PowerPoint presentation tells us how pathology plays a crucial role in drug safety evaluation as it helps to identify potential adverse effects of drugs on various organs and tissues in the body. Pathology involves the study of the structural and functional changes that occur in tissues and organs in response to disease, injury, or drug exposure.

During drug development, preclinical studies are conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of a new drug. These studies involve animal testing to evaluate the drugs effects on various organs and tissues. Pathologists examine the tissues and organs of animals exposed to the drug to identify any abnormal changes or damage caused by the drug.

Pathologists can also help to identify the mechanisms by which drugs cause adverse effects. This information is essential for understanding how drugs interact with the body and how to develop safer drugs in the future.

In addition to preclinical studies, pathology plays a crucial role in post-marketing drug safety evaluation. Pathologists examine tissues and organs from patients who have experienced adverse effects after taking a drug to identify any underlying pathological changes. This information can be used to improve drug safety and develop better treatment strategies.

Overall, pathology is a critical component of drug safety evaluation, helping to identify potential adverse effects of drugs and improve patient safety.

Tags : Pathology, Drug Safety Evaluation, drug exposure, pathology PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 23, 2023 | Views : 1934 | Downloads : 0

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Slide 1-

The Role of Pathology in Drug Safety Evaluation John L. Vahle, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate A.C.V.P. Research Advisor - Pathology, Toxicology Lilly Research Laboratories Division of Eli Lilly and Company
Slide 2-

Toxicologic Pathology Pathology as a Discipline Role of Pathology in Drug Safety Evaluation Training of Pathologists Pathologists Who are they ? What do they do ? What makes them think the way they do ?
Slide 3-

The Discipline Of Pathology Toxicologic Pathology Clinical Morphologic Definition: The science of the structural and functional consequences of injurious stimuli
Slide 4-

The Discipline Of Pathology Major Disciplines Within Pathology Clinical Pathology Hematology Clinical Chemistry Urinalysis Morphologic (Anatomic) Pathology Gross Pathology (Necropsy Observations) Histopathology (Microscopic Observations) Electron Microscopy (Ultrastructural observations)
Slide 5-

Toxicologic Pathology Pathology as a Discipline Role of Pathology in Drug Safety Evaluation Training of Pathologists Pathologists Who are they ? What do they do ? What makes them think the way they do ?
Slide 6-

Role of Toxicologic Pathology Pathology plays a critical role in safety assessment of foods, drugs, chemicals, and medical devices Many of the data points in repeat-dose toxicity studies originate in pathology Accurate description and interpretation of pathology data are crucial for safety assessment
Slide 7-

Repeat-dose Toxicity Endpoints Live Phase Observations Physical Examination Neurologic Examination Daily Clinical Signs Cardiovascular Physiology HR, ECG, BP Toxicokinetics – exposure to drug Hepatic Enzyme Induction Clinical Pathology CBC, Coag, Chem, UA Morphologic Pathology Gross and Histopathology 40-50 tissues
Slide 8-

From glass slides to human safety assessment A descriptive and interpretive science
Slide 9-

Goals of the Pathology Evaluation Recognize, tabulate and categorize alterations Allows correlations between test material exposure and biological effects Identify potential compound-related effects Fulfill regulatory expectations in the evaluation of safety of medicines
Slide 10-

Responsibility of the Pathologist Separate normal biological variation and spontaneous disease from compound-induced changes Affect of compound on spontaneous disease Responsible for reliable and detailed description of changes Clear interpretation of the data
Slide 11-

Morphologic Pathology in Drug Safety Necropsy Specimen Preparation Histopathology Evaluation Histopathology Raw Data
Slide 12-

Importance of Necropsy Timely and accurate dissection procedures Careful and consistent collection of organs and tissues allows: Accurate organ weights High quality histologic preparations Systematic description and recording of gross pathology observations
Slide 13-

Specimen Preparation Tissues promptly and appropriately fixed Typically by immersion in neutral-buffered formalin Trimmed at standard locations SOP, trimming guides Processed in a manner that reduces variability among groups Mix treatment groups in processing and staining Slides should be identified with study number, animal number, and slide number
Slide 14-

Histopathology Evaluation Basics Pathologist should assure that standard sections of all protocol tissues and organs are present on the slides to be examined Documentation of missing tissues or regions Recuts may be required to complete evaluation Tissues may be evaluated animal by animal or organ by organ
Slide 15-

Alteration Identification and Description All alterations should be recorded and graded Test-article changes are often subtle microscopic alterations Must compare treated and control animals Blinded evaluations typically not appropriate for initial survey Allows separation of test-article changes from normal anatomic variability
Slide 16-

Histopathology Raw Data The signed pathology report is considered raw data Histopathology Data Table (individual and summary) Histopathology Narrative (written interpretation) The final pathology report represents the consensus of the primary and peer review pathologists Slides, tissues, paraffin blocks, and slides are archived Draft tables, notes, and peer review results may be discarded
Slide 17-

Clinical Pathology In Drug Safety Distinct Scientific Subspecialty Requires professional personnel Technical Execution Well trained laboratory staff Quality Instrumentation Data Interpretation Statistical and individual animal data review Synthetic interpretation across study data Reviews of Regulatory Guidance Toxicologic Pathology Volume 20, 1992 Weingand et al, 20:539-543 Hall, 20:472-476
Slide 18-

Value of Clinical Pathology Data Can be sensitive markers of alterations Increased hepatic enzyme activity prior to morphologic changes Can be very specific to organ system Troponins and myocardial alteration Can assess functional impact of injury Impact of a bone marrow lesion on peripheral hematologic values Can be evaluated over the course of a study Primarily in dog and monkey studies
Slide 19-

Toxicologic Pathology Pathology as a Discipline Role of Pathology in Drug Safety Evaluation Training of Pathologists Pathologists Who are they ? What do they do ? What makes them think the way they do ?
Slide 20-

Toxicologic Pathology Training Background in comparative medicine Formal Pathology Training On-The-Job Training Large data sets Hazard identification Safety assessment
Slide 21-

What makes them think the way they do ? Majority have veterinary medical training Additional training, experience, and expertise in: Diagnostic pathology Laboratory animal pathology Research techniques Toxicology testing Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) Approach varies by geography
Slide 22-

US-based Training Veterinary Degree (DVM, VMD) 4 year professional program Veterinary Pathology Training Academia Veterinary Teaching Hospital Diagnostic Laboratory Research Institute
Slide 23-

US-based Training Residency Training – Professional Practice Evaluation of microscopic slides Differential diagnoses Diagnostic techniques Comparative pathology Research Training Wide range of research areas with training in: Basic Science Experimental Design Statistics Scientific Writing/Grants
Slide 24-

US-based Training - Outcomes Board Certification American College of Veterinary Pathologists General goal of residency Multiple Components General Pathology – Basic Science Veterinary Pathology – Species/Specialty Specific Diagnostic Sections Gross, Histopathology, Hematology, Clinical Chemistry, etc Extremely Rigorous Historically low pass rate Research Degree PhD MS Opportunities for Post-doctoral work
Slide 25-

EU-based Training Training Programs Varies from informal mentorship to systematic training Both academic institutions as well as in-house training in toxicology labs Qualifying Examinations European College of Veterinary Pathology Royal College of Pathologists
Slide 26-

Japan-based Training Training Programs Typically based in academia (veterinary schools) Qualifying Exams Japanese College of Veterinary Pathologists
Slide 27-

Transition to Safety Assessment Individual Animal Diagnosis Diagnostic Pathology What’s wrong with my dog ? Focused Research Question Experimental Pathology Did Experiment A have Effects A,B,C ? Screening for Toxic Effects Pharmaceutical Toxicologic Pathology Did compound X cause any effects ? If so, what do they mean to safety in humans ?
Slide 28-

On the Job Training Grounding in mechanics of evaluating studies Mentoring Peer Review Pathology Rounds Broad Exposure to Multiple Phase of Development Experiences as a toxicologist, project manager, etc
Slide 29-

Summary Pathologists provide a detailed description of compound-induced effects Ensure that important findings are understood Describes potential pathogenesis of important findings to facilitate understanding what has occurred in animals Work with toxicologist and regulators to ensure appropriate evaluation of toxicity and risk of a new drug Allows clinical investigators to understand potential adverse effects in humans