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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Anatomy of the Skin, which is titled "The Integumentary System", to know about the structures and functions of the integumentary system. Also know about the parts of the integument, i.e., cutaneous membrane (skin) and accessory structures.

Tags : Anatomy, Skin, Integumentary System, structures, functions, cutaneous membrane, skin, accessory structures

Published on : Jul 05, 2021 | Views : 4200 | Downloads : 11

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Slide 1-

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Frederic H. Martini Unit 2 Support and Movement Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Professor Albia Dugger, Miami–Dade College, Miami, FL Professor Robert R. Speed, Ph.D., Wallace Community College, Dothan, AL
Slide 2-

Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
Slide 3-

What are the structures and functions of the integumentary system?
Slide 4-

Size of the Integument The integument is the largest system of the body: 16% of body weight 1.5 to 2 m2 in area
Slide 5-

Parts of the Integument The integument is made up of 2 parts: cutaneous membrane (skin) accessory structures
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Parts of the Integumentary System Figure 5–1
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Parts of the Cutaneous Membrane Outer epidermis: superficial epithelium (epithelial tissues) Inner dermis: connective tissues
Slide 8-

Accessory Structures Originate in the dermis Extend through the epidermis to skin surface: hair nails multicellular exocrine glands
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Connections Circulatory system: blood vessels in the dermis Nervous system: sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature
Slide 10-

What is the relationship between the integument and subcutaneous layer?
Slide 11-

The Subcutaneous Layer Subcutaneous layer (superficial fascia or hypodermis): loose connective tissue below the dermis location of hypodermic injections
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Functions of Skin Protects underlying tissues and organs Excretes salts, water, and organic wastes (glands) Maintains body temperature (insulation and evaporation)
Slide 13-

Functions of Skin Synthesizes vitamin D3 Stores lipids Detects touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Slide 14-

What are the main structures and functions of the epidermis?
Slide 15-

Epidermis Avascular stratified squamous epithelium Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis
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Organization of the Epidermis Figure 5–2
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Cells of the Epidermis Keratinocytes: contain large amounts of keratin the most abundant cells in the epidermis
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Thin Skin Covers most of the body Has 4 layers of keratinocytes
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Thick Skin Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet Has 5 layers of keratinocytes
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Structures of the Epidermis The 5 strata of keratinocytes in thick skin Figure 5–3
Slide 21-

Layers of the Epidermis From basal lamina to free surface: stratum germinativum stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum
Slide 22-

Stratum Germinativum The “germinative layer”: has many germinative (stem) cells or basal cells is attached to basal lamina by hemidesmosomes forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis
Slide 23-

Structures of Stratum Germinativum Epidermal ridges (e.g., fingerprints) Dermal papillae (tiny mounds): increase the area of basal lamina strengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis
Slide 24-

Ridges and Ducts Figure 5–4
Slide 25-

Cells of Stratum Germinativum Merkel cells: found in hairless skin respond to touch (trigger nervous system) Melanocytes: contain the pigment melanin scattered throughout stratum germinativum
Slide 26-

Stratum Spinosum The “spiny layer”: produced by division of stratum germinosum 8–10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out (spiny)
Slide 27-

Cells of Stratum Spinosum Continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium Contain Langerhans cells, active in immune response
Slide 28-

Stratum Granulosum The “grainy layer” Stops dividing, starts producing: keratin: a tough, fibrous protein makes up hair and nails keratohyalin dense granules cross-link keratin fibers
Slide 29-

Cells of Stratum Granulosum Produce protein fibers Dehydrate and die Create tightly interlocked layer of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin
Slide 30-

Stratum Lucidum The “clear layer”: found only in thick skin covers stratum granulosum
Slide 31-

Cells of Stratum Lucida Flat Dense Filled with keratin
Slide 32-

Stratum Corneum The “horn layer”: exposed surface of skin 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells water resistant shed and replaced every 2 weeks
Slide 33-

Keratinization The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin Occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes
Slide 34-

Skin Life Cycle It takes 15–30 days for a cell to move from stratum germinosum to stratum corneum
Slide 35-

Perspiration Insensible perspiration: interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum Sensible perspiration: water excreted by sweat glands
Slide 36-

Water Loss Through Skin Dehydration results: from damage to stratum corneum, e.g., burns and blisters (insensible perspiration) from immersion in hypertonic solution, e.g., seawater (osmosis)
Slide 37-

Water Gain Through Skin Hydration: results from immersion in hypotonic solution, e.g., freshwater (osmosis) causes stretching and wrinkling skin
Slide 38-

What causes different skin colors?
Slide 39-

Skin Color Skin color depends on: the pigments carotene and melanin blood circulation (red cells)
Slide 40-

Carotene Orange-yellow pigment Found in orange vegetables Accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis Can be converted to vitamin A
Slide 41-

Melanin Yellow-brown or black pigment Produced by melanocytes in stratum germinativum Stored in transport vesicles (melanosomes) Transferred to keratinocytes
Slide 42-

Function of Melanocytes Melanin protects skin from sun damage Ultraviolet (UV) radiation: causes DNA mutations and burns which lead to cancer and wrinkles
Slide 43-

Melanocytes Figure 5–5
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Melanocytes Skin color depends on melanin production, not number of melanocytes
Slide 45-

Capillaries and Skin Color Oxygenated red blood contributes to skin color: blood vessels dilate from heat, skin reddens blood flow decreases, skin pales
Slide 46-

Cyanosis Bluish skin tint Caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation
Slide 47-

Illness and Skin Color Jaundice: buildup of bile produced by liver yellow color Addison’s disease: and other diseases of pituitary gland skin darkening
Slide 48-

Illness and Skin Color Vitiglio: loss of melanocytes loss of color
Slide 49-

Vitamin D Epidermal cells produce cholecalciferol (vitamin D3): in the presence of UV radiation Liver and kidneys convert vitamin D into calcitriol: to aid absorption of calcium and phosphorus
Slide 50-

Vitamin D Insufficient vitamin D: can cause rickets
Slide 51-

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Is a powerful peptide growth factor Is produced by glands (salivary and duodenum) Is used in laboratories to grow skin grafts
Slide 52-

Functions of EGF Promotes division of germinative cells Accelerates keratin production Stimulates epidermal repair Stimulates glandular secretion
Slide 53-

KEY CONCEPT The epidermis: is a multilayered, flexible, self-repairing barrier prevents fluid loss protects from UV radiation produces vitamin D3 resists abrasion, chemicals, and pathogens
Slide 54-

What are the structures and functions of the dermis?
Slide 55-

The Dermis Is located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer Anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair follicles, sweat glands) Has 2 components: outer papillary layer deep reticular layer
Slide 56-

The Papillary Layer Consists of areolar tissue Contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons Has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges
Slide 57-

The Reticular Layer Consists of dense irregular connective tissue Contains larger blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers Contains collagen and elastic fibers Contains connective tissue proper
Slide 58-

Dermatitis An inflammation of the papillary layer Caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals (e.g., poison ivy) Characterized by itch or pain
Slide 59-

Characteristics of Dermis Strong, due to collagen fibers Elastic, due to elastic fibers Flexible (skin turgor)
Slide 60-

Skin Damage Sagging and wrinkles (reduced skin elasticity) are caused by: dehydration age hormonal changes UV exposure
Slide 61-

Skin Cancer Figure 5–6
Slide 62-

Stretch Marks Thickened tissue resulting from: excessive stretching of skin due to: pregnancy weight gain
Slide 63-

Lines of Cleavage Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis: are arranged in parallel bundles resist force in a specific direction
Slide 64-

Clinical Importance Lines of cleavage establish important patterns: a parallel cut remains shut, heals well a cut across (right angle) pulls open and scars
Slide 65-

Lines of Cleavage Figure 5–7
Slide 66-

Dermal Circulation Figure 5–8
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Arteries Cutaneous plexus: a network of arteries along the reticular layer Papillary plexus: capillary network from small arteries in papillary layer
Slide 68-

Veins Venous plexus: capillary return deep to the papillary plexus Contusion: damage to blood vessels resulting in “black and blue” bruising
Slide 69-

Nerves Nerve fibers in skin control: blood flow gland secretions sensory receptors Tactile disks monitor Merkel cells
Slide 70-

KEY CONCEPT The dermis: provides mechanical strength, flexibility and protection is highly vascularized contains many types of sensory receptors
Slide 71-

What are the structures and functions of the subcutaneous layer?
Slide 72-

The Hypodermis The subcutaneous layer or hypodermis: lies below the integument stabilizes the skin allows separate movement
Slide 73-

Structure of the Hypodermis The subcutaneous layer is: made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues connected to the reticular layer of integument by connective tissue fibers
Slide 74-

Clinical Importance Subcutaneous layer: has few capillaries and no vital organs is the site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles
Slide 75-

Adipose Tissue Deposits of subcutaneous fat: have distribution pattern determined by hormones are reduced by cosmetic liposuction
Slide 76-

Integumentary Accessory Structures Hair, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails: are derived from embryonic epidermis are located in dermis project through the skin surface
Slide 77-

What determines hair growth, texture, and color?
Slide 78-

Location of Hair The human body is covered with hair, except: palms soles lips portions of external genitalia
Slide 79-

Functions of Hair Protects and insulates Guards openings against particles and insects Is sensitive to very light touch
Slide 80-

The Hair Follicle Is located deep in dermis Produces nonliving hairs Is wrapped in a dense connective-tissue sheath Base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus)
Slide 81-

Structures of Hair and Follicles Figure 5–9a
Slide 82-

Accessory Structures of Hair Arrector pili: involuntary smooth muscle causes hairs to stand up produces “goose bumps” Sebaceous glands: lubricate the hair control bacteria
Slide 83-

Regions of the Hair Hair root: lower part of the hair attached to the integument Hair shaft: upper part of the hair not attached to the integument
Slide 84-

Inside the Follicle Figure 5–9b
Slide 85-

Keratin As hair is produced, it is keratinized: medulla contains flexible soft keratin cortex and cuticle contain stiff hard keratin
Slide 86-

Hair Growth Cycle Growing hair: is firmly attached to matrix Club hair: is not growing is attached to an inactive follicle
Slide 87-

Hair Growth Cycle New hair growth cycle: follicle becomes active produces new hair club hair is shed
Slide 88-

Types of Hairs Vellus hairs: soft, fine cover body surface Terminal hairs: heavy, pigmented head and eyebrows other parts of body after puberty
Slide 89-

Hair Color Produced by melanocytes at the hair papilla Determined by genes
Slide 90-

What are the skin glands and secretions?
Slide 91-

Exocrine Glands Sebaceous glands (oil glands): holocrine glands secrete sebum Sweat glands: merocrine glands watery secretions
Slide 92-

Types of Sebaceous Glands Simple branched alveolar glands: associated with hair follicles Sebaceous follicles: discharge directly onto skin surface
Slide 93-

Sebaceous Glands Figure 5–10
Slide 94-

Sebum Contains lipids and other ingredients Lubricates and protects the epidermis Inhibits bacteria
Slide 95-

What are the functions of sweat glands?
Slide 96-

Types of Sweat Glands Apocrine: found in armpits, around nipples, and groin Merocrine: widely distributed on body surface especially on palms and soles
Slide 97-

Apocrine Sweat Gland Figure 5–11a
Slide 98-

Apocrine Sweat Glands Merocrine secretions, not apocrine Associated with hair follicles Produce sticky, cloudy secretions Break down and cause odors
Slide 99-

Merocrine Sweat Glands Also called eccrine glands: coiled, tubular glands discharge directly onto skin surface sensible perspiration water, salts, and organic compounds
Slide 100-

Merocrine Sweat Gland Figure 5–11b
Slide 101-

Functions of Merocrine Sweat Cools skin Excretes water and electrolytes Flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals from skin
Slide 102-

Other Integumentary Glands Mammary glands: produce milk Ceruminous glands: protect the eardrum produce cerumen (earwax)
Slide 103-

Homeostasis Thermoregulation: is the main function of sensible perspiration works with cardiovascular system regulates body temperature
Slide 104-

KEY CONCEPT Skin plays a major role in controlling body temperature: acts as a radiator removes heat from dermal circulation works by evaporation of sensible perspiration
Slide 105-

What is the structure of nails, and how do they grow?
Slide 106-

Nail Functions Nails protect fingers and toes: made of dead cells packed with keratin metabolic disorders can change nail structure
Slide 107-

Structure of a Nail Figure 5–12
Slide 108-

How does injured skin respond and repair itself?
Slide 109-

Repair of Localized Injuries to the Skin: Step 1 Bleeding occurs Mast cells trigger inflammatory response Figure 5–13 (Step 1)
Slide 110-

Repair of Localized Injuries to the Skin: Step 2 A scab stabilizes and protects the area Figure 5–13 (Step 2)
Slide 111-

The Inflammatory Response Germinative cells migrate around the wound Macrophages clean the area Fibroblasts and endothelial cells move in, producing granulation tissue
Slide 112-

Repair of Localized Injuries to the Skin: Step 3 Fibroblasts produce scar tissue Inflammation decreases, clot disintegrates Figure 5–13 (Step 3)
Slide 113-

Repair of Localized Injuries to the Skin: Step 4 Fibroblasts strengthen scar tissue A raised keloid forms Integumentary Repair PLAY Figure 5–13 (Step 4)
Slide 114-

Rule of Nines To estimate burn damage, surface area is divided into multiples of 9 Figure 5–14
Slide 115-

What are the effects of aging on the skin?
Slide 116-

Effects of Aging Epidermal thinning Decreased numbers of Langerhans cells Decreased vitamin D3 production Decreased melanocyte activity Decreased glandular activity (sweat and oil glands)
Slide 117-

Effects of Aging Reduced blood supply Decreased function of hair follicles Reduction of elastic fibers Decreased hormone levels Slower repair rate
Slide 118-

How does the integumentary system work with other systems?
Slide 119-

Importance of the Integumentary System Protects and interacts with all organ systems Changes in skin appearance are used to diagnose disorders in other systems
Slide 120-

Interactions with the Integumentary System Figure 5–15
Slide 121-

SUMMARY (1 of 12) Division of: integument into epidermis and dermis epidermis into thin skin and thick skin
Slide 122-

SUMMARY (2 of 12) Layers of the epidermis: stratum germinosum stratum spinosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum
Slide 123-

SUMMARY (3 of 12) Roles of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae
Slide 124-

SUMMARY (4 of 12) Functions of specialized cells: Langerhans cells Merkel cells
Slide 125-

SUMMARY (5 of 12) Skin pigments: carotene melanin
Slide 126-

SUMMARY (6 of 12) Metabolic functions of epidermis: vitamin D3 epidermal growth factor
Slide 127-

SUMMARY (7 of 12) Divisions of the dermis: papillary layer reticular layer
Slide 128-

SUMMARY (8 of 12) Mobility of the dermis: stretch marks lines of cleavage
Slide 129-

SUMMARY (9 of 12) Blood supply of the dermis: cutaneous plexus papillary plexus
Slide 130-

SUMMARY (10 of 12) Role of the subcutaneous layer Structure of hair and hair follicles
Slide 131-

SUMMARY (11 of 12) Glands of the skin: sebaceous sweat ceruminous
Slide 132-

SUMMARY (12 of 12) Structure of nails Processes of inflammation and regeneration Effects of aging on the integument