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Early Ideas about Brain and Behavior PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Neurology, which is titled "Early Ideas about Brain and Behavior", to know about the Mind, Brain and Behavior.

Tags : Neurology, Mind, Brain, Behavior

Published on : Aug 23, 2021 | Views : 2007 | Downloads : 2

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Early Ideas about Brain and Behavior
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Mind, Brain and Behavior Neuroscientists want to unify the science of the mind with the science of the brain. Actions of the brain underlie all behavior. What we call mind is a range of functions carried out by the brain. Neural science explains behavior in terms of brain activities. Where does psychology fit?
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Where Does Mind Reside? Which part of the body is the seat of the soul, the repository of memory? Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) said the heart. Hippocrates (460-379 B.C.) said the brain. Galen (130-200 A.D.) agreed with Hippocrates: Cerebrum vs cerebellum Ventricles do the work
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19th Century Views By the 1800’s, the nervous system had been completely dissected and gross anatomy described. Injury to the brain disrupts functioning. Brain communicates with the body via nerves. The brain has parts that probably perform different functions. The brain follows laws of nature and operates like a machine.
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Understanding by Analogy Metaphors have always been drawn from discoveries in the physical world: fluid mechanics, windmills, man as machine. Modern analogies: Mind as switchboard Mind as computer
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Discarded Theories Fluid in ventricles, flow of humors Galen Body as machine explained by mechanics Nerves as hollow tubes full of gas or fluid Descartes Nerves as “wires” Galvani, du Bois-Reymond, Muller, Helmholtz
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The Discovery of the Neuron Golgi developed a silver staining method that revealed the cell body and projections of the neuron. Ramon y Cajal used the technique to show that neurons do not quite touch. Neurons are a network of separate (discrete) cells that communicate. Galvani showed that the signaling is electric.
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Golgi Stain Nissl Stain
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Localization vs Distribution Are specific functions carried out in specific regions of the brain? Are functions an emergent property of brain activity as a whole? Today’s neuroscience still debates this. The answers appear somewhere between the two extremes.
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Two Alternative Views Cellular connectionism: Individual neurons are the signaling elements of the nervous system, arranged in functional groups Supported by empirical observations of Ramon y Cajal, Wernicke, Jackson, Sherrington. The aggregate field view: All regions of the brain participate in all mental functions. Mind is NOT completely biological
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The Localization Debate Gall – the brain consists of 35+ organs corresponding to mental faculties. Observable through bumps on the head. Phrenology – anatomical basis for personology Flourens – “…all perceptions, all volitions occupy the same seat…” Aggregate field view A reaction against strict materialism (mind not completely biological).
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The Discovery of Localization Imaging techniques that show the brain in action confirm that certain functions are carried out in specific areas of the brain. This was difficult to see early on because of parallel processing Each function is subserved by more than one neural pathway. When one pathway is damaged, others may compensate, making localization harder to see.
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Support for the Field View Lashley found that the greater the lesions, the greater the impairment in functioning. No matter where lesions were made, learning was impaired. Mass action -- brain mass, not specific regions was most important to functioning. Maze learning involves multiple functions, so it is unsuitable for studying localization.
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The Current View Functions consist of multiple processes that occur in specific areas of the brain. Imaging studies reveal the different processes, called elementary operations. Processing is both serial and parallel. Even the simplest mental activity requires coordination of processes in multiple areas of the brain. Such processing appears introspectively seamless.