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Description : The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.

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Published on : Jan 14, 2023 | Views : 879 | Downloads : 9

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A TEXT BOOK GUIDE TO RESPIRATORY TRACT SYSTEM BY MUHAMMAD JAWAD SWATI
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The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide. Introduction: Fig 1.1: Respiratory system Illustration
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Parts of the Respiratory System: Your respiratory system includes your: Nose and nasal cavity Sinuses Mouth Throat (pharynx) Voice box (larynx) Windpipe (trachea) Diaphragm Lungs Bronchial tubes/bronchi Bronchioles Air sacs (alveoli) Capillaries Fig. 1.2: Parts of the Respiratory System:
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Respiratory Tract The respiratory tract is divided into two main parts: Upper Respiratory Tract Lower Respiratory Tract Upper Respiratory Tract The upper respiratory tract, consisting of the Nose Nasal cavity and Pharynx the lower respiratory tract, consisting of the larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs. Lower Respiratory Tract The lower respiratory tract, consisting of: Larynx Trachea Bronchi and Lungs. Fig. 1.3: Respiratory tract
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The trachea, which begins at the edge of the larynx, divides into two bronchi and continues into the lungs. The trachea allows air to pass from the larynx to the bronchi and then to the lungs. The bronchi divide into smaller bronchioles which branch in the lungs forming passageways for air. The terminal parts of the bronchi are the alveoli. The alveoli are the functional units of the lungs and they form the site of gaseous exchange. Fig. 1.4: Branching and Divisions
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CHAPTER TWO Pathophysiology of Respiratory Tract Infections 1. Upper Respiratory Infections: Common Cold, Sinusitis, Pharyngitis, Epiglottitis and Laryngotracheitis: Etiology: Most upper respiratory infections are of viral etiology. Epiglottitis and laryngotracheitis are exceptions with severe cases likely caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. Bacterial pharyngitis is often caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Pathogenesis: Organisms gain entry to the respiratory tract by inhalation of droplets and invade the mucosa. Epithelial destruction may ensue, along with redness, edema, hemorrhage and sometimes an exudate. Clinical Manifestations: Initial symptoms of a cold are runny, stuffy nose and sneezing, usually without fever. Other upper respiratory infections may have fever. Children with epiglottitis may have difficulty in breathing, muffled speech, drooling and stridor. Children with serious laryngotracheitis (croup) may also have tachypnea, stridor and cyanosis.
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Microbiologic Diagnosis: Common colds can usually be recognized clinically. Bacterial and viral cultures of throat swab specimens are used for pharyngitis, epiglottitis and laryngotracheitis. Blood cultures are also obtained in cases of epiglottitis. Prevention and Treatment: Viral infections are treated symptomatically. Streptococcal pharyngitis and epiglottitis caused by H influenzae are treated with antibacterial. Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine is commercially available and is now a basic component of childhood immunization program. Do you Know: Penicilline Erythromycin Azithromycin Cephalosporins Antibiotics for Upper Respiratory Tract infection Fig. 2.1: Upper Respiratory Tract Infection:
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2. Lower Respiratory Infections: Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia. Etiology: Causative agents of lower respiratory infections are viral or bacterial. Viruses cause most cases of bronchitis and bronchiolitis. In community-acquired pneumonias, the most common bacterial agent is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Atypical pneumonias are cause by such agents as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia spp, Legionella, Coxiella burnetti and viruses. Nosocomial pneumonias and pneumonias in immunosuppressed patients have protean etiology with gram-negative organisms and staphylococci as predominant organisms. Pathogenesis: Organisms enter the distal airway by inhalation, aspiration or by hematogenous seeding. The pathogen multiplies in or on the epithelium, causing inflammation, increased mucus secretion, and impaired mucociliary function; other lung functions may also be affected. In severe bronchiolitis, inflammation and necrosis of the epithelium may block small airways leading to airway obstruction. Clinical Manifestations: Symptoms include cough, fever, chest pain, tachypnea and sputum production. Patients with pneumonia may also exhibit non-respiratory symptoms such as confusion, headache, myalgia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Microbiologic Diagnosis: Sputum specimens are cultured for bacteria, fungi and viruses. Culture of nasal washings is usually sufficient in infants with bronchiolitis. Fluorescent staining technic can be used for legionellosis. Blood cultures and/or serologic methods are used for viruses, rickettsiae, fungi and many bacteria. Enzyme-linked immunoassay methods can be used for detections of microbial antigens as well as antibodies. Detection of nucleotide fragments specific for the microbial antigen in question by DNA probe or polymerase chain reaction can offer a rapid diagnosis. Prevention and Treatment: Symptomatic treatment is used for most viral infections. Bacterial pneumonias are treated with antibacterials. A polysaccharide vaccine against 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae is recommended for individuals at high risk.
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Do you Know: Tetracyclline Amoxicilline Azithromycin Roxithromycin Clarithromycin Antibiotics for Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Fig. 2.2: Lower Respiratory Tract Infection:
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CHAPTER THREE References: https://training.seer.cancer.gov/lung/anatomy/respiratory.html https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8142/#:~:text=Pathogenesis%3A%20Organisms%20gain%20entry%20to,and%20sneezing%2C%20usually%20without%20fever. https://www.drugs.com/condition/upper-respiratory-tract-infection.html https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system#:~:text=The%20respiratory%20system%20is%20the,waste%20gases%20like%20carbon%20dioxide. https://www.webmd.com/lung/how-we-breathe https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/respiratory-tract
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THANK YOU THE END