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Organ Donation PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Short ppt on some of organ donation system ethics. Not for commercial use only use privately.

Tags : Organ Donation,medical ethics

Published on : Jan 19, 2021 | Views : 1888 | Downloads : 0

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Opt-out organ donation system
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How is the opt-out system different from the opt-in system? For both systems, there were three possible outcomes for every individual: You chose to opt-out of donating your organs You chose to opt-in to donating your organs You specify no preference  this is where the difference is: in the case of your death, you’re are either presumed to consent unless your family chose to opt-out for you (opt-out), or you’re assumed to be non-consenting (opt-in) Patients who have undergone brain stem death are top choice organ donors, as their body is kept functioning by machines and therefore their organs will have the correct amount of blood supply at the time of their death. This is compared to those with significant blood loss, compromising blood flow to particular organs that may have caused tissue death or damage which means you couldn’t harvest healthy organs from this body.
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How has Covid-19 affected organ donation? To compare the previous year (1st April 2018 – 31st March 2019) with this year (1st April 2019 – 31st March 2020), total deceased donor transplants went down by 4.8% (from 3953 to 3763). This means that the total number of patients whose lives were saved or improved by deceased organ donation went down by 190 lives. However, total living donor transplants went up 1.3% (from 958 to 970). The pandemic has led to challenges for transplantation surgeries, which meant that only the most urgent transplants went ahead, especially in the early stages of the pandemic when we had little to no information about the virus and its different strains. Every potential organ donor is being tested for Covid-19 and if someone has it, they won’t be able to donate.
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Which system are we on? On the 20th of May 2020 (I told you this is recent), England moved to an opt-out system. The system first had signs of movement in autumn 2017, when Prime Minister Theresa May vowed to change the law on organ donation to an opt-out system, in recognition of Max Johnson‘s organ donation campaign work. Max Johnson and Keira Ball  these are the names that prompted the switch onto an opt-out system. Max was on the waiting list for 8 months after being diagnosed with a heart disease, until a 9 year old girl, Keira Ball, passed away in a car crash and her parents chose to donate her organs, which saved or improved lives of four people, including Max. In 2018, the government announced that the Law would be referred to as Max’s law, but after Max announced that he wanted Keira’s name to be added, when the bill received royal assent on 15 March 2019, it became known as Max and Keira’s Law.
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Disregarding ethics, is it better to have opt out? The most prominent of the 24 countries in Europe that operated under some form of opt-out system since 2010 would be Spain  where a publication from 2017 showed that within a year, 2,183 people became organ donors when they died, but these 2,183 people made 5,260 transplant surgeries possible. the majority of these transplants were kidney transplants. Viewing this topic from an analytical standpoint, having an opt-out system theoretically shortens the waitlist for people in need of donors, and that could mean that less NHS time and resources are spent on checkups or related health conditions. However, not all countries had the same jaw-dropping results as Spain: Wales moved to an opt-out system on 31st December 2015. The year before the change (of 2015), there were 173 transplants. In the year after the introduction of the presumed consent system (2016), there were 160 organs transplanted. However, in the years following this, the Welsh system has now improved.
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The pillars of medical ethics & capacity There are four main pillars of medical ethics, and – in interviews – you will be expected to link your point back to at least one of them when you draw a conclusion… Autonomy – respect for the patient’s choice over their own body (should ultimately be the patient’s decision about what they want to do because it is their body so doctors cannot force treatment upon them) Beneficence – the duty to do good and act in the patient’s best interest which requires a doctor to weigh out all options and consider the treatment that would give the best outcome Non-maleficence – the idea of the duty to do no harm which comes from the Hippocratic Oath: consequently the treatment with the lowest risk and best outcome must be considered Justice – to treat all patients equally Capacity is the “ability to use and understand information to make a decision, and communicate any decision made”. This is the reason why minors (under 18’s/16’s – in relation to what kind of decision is being made) do not make their own decisions regarding healthcare: they are seen as unable to fully understand the information being given to them, nor weigh out different factors in regards to their health and future lifestyle, which is why it falls to the parents to make decisions about their child’s healthcare.
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Discussion points Introduce yourself to the person sat next to you, and ask them their opinions about anything I have told you today. If you’re having trouble thinking of anything, here are some discussion points: What do you think the reasons to opt-out or opt-in might be? If there were contradicting beliefs of family members for a child regarding organ donation, who would you listen to, why, and how would it make you feel to harvest their organs even if not all family members consent? Do you think there will be an expectation to donate, if yes, what do you think we can do to minimize this? Why do you think - from the previous year to this year – deceased donor transplants went down but living donor transplants went up? How is the stigma surrounding organ donation changing? If someone with no family dies and they have specified no preference, would you feel bad to harvest their organs as they haven’t give their consent? What do you think full capacity regarding organ donation would be (what information would you tell a potential organ donor to inform them of how to opt in or out)? Given the opportunity, would you encourage someone (two scenarios – patient or family member) to think about organ donation (do you think it is your place to do so) – if so, how would you go about doing it?