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Radiation Therapy PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Radiation therapy”.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about radiation therapy, also known as radiotherapy. Radiation therapy is a medical treatment that uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors. It is often used as a primary treatment for cancer, or in combination with other treatments such as chemotherapy or surgery.

Radiation therapy works by damaging the DNA inside cancer cells, preventing them from growing and dividing. The radiation is delivered to the tumor site from outside the body (external beam radiation therapy) or from inside the body (brachytherapy), using specialized machines and equipment.

The type and duration of radiation therapy depend on the location and type of cancer, as well as the patients overall health. Treatment can be delivered over several weeks, with sessions lasting only a few minutes each day.

While radiation therapy can be highly effective in treating cancer, it can also have side effects. These can include fatigue, skin irritation, nausea, and other symptoms depending on the area being treated. Your healthcare provider will work with you to manage these side effects and ensure the best possible outcome from treatment.

Tags : Radiation therapy, radiotherapy, high-energy radiation, cancer cells, tumors, Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Medicine PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 20, 2023 | Views : 1822 | Downloads : 1

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Radiation therapy
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Radiation therapy Radiotherapy Radiation oncology
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Radiation therapy (also radiotherapy or radiation oncology, sometimes abbreviated to XRT) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis). Radiotherapy may be used for curative or adjuvant cancer treatment. It is used as palliative treatment (where cure is not possible and the aim is for local disease control or symptomatic relief) or as therapeutic treatment (where the therapy has survival benefit and it can be curative).
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Total body irradiation (TBI) is a radiotherapy technique used to prepare the body to receive a bone marrow transplant. Radiotherapy has several applications in non-malignant conditions, such as the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, severe thyroid eye disease, pterygium, pigmented villonodular synovitis, prevention of keloid scar growth, and prevention of heterotopic ossification. The use of radiotherapy in non-malignant conditions is limited partly by worries about the risk of radiation-induced cancers.
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Radiotherapy is used for the treatment of malignant tumors (cancer), and may be used as the primary therapy. It is also common to combine radiotherapy with surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy or some mixture of the three. Most common cancer types can be treated with radiotherapy in some way. The precise treatment intent (curative, adjuvant, neoadjuvant, therapeutic, or palliative) will depend on the tumour type, location, and stage, as well as the general health of the patient.
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Clinical-Biological Bases of RT of Tumors The therapeutic use of IR is based on it’s biological action, that is, it’s ability to cause changes in cells, tissues, organs, the body as a whole. It depends on the ABSORBED DOSE (AD) – e n e r g y transmitted to irradiated tissues (Gy).
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To spare normal tissues (such as skin or organs which radiation must pass through in order to treat the tumour), shaped radiation beams are aimed from several angles of exposure to intersect at the tumour, providing a much larger absorbed dose there than in the surrounding, healthy tissue.
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Dose The amount of radiation used in radiation therapy is measured in gray (Gy), and varies depending on the type and stage of cancer being treated. For curative cases, the typical dose for a solid epithelial tumor ranges from 60 to 80 Gy, while lymphoma tumors are treated with 20 to 40 Gy.
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Fractionation The total dose is fractionated (spread out over time) for several important reasons. Fractionation allows normal cells time to recover, while tumor cells are generally less efficient in repair between fractions. Fractionation also allows tumor cells that were in a relatively radio-resistant phase of the cell cycle during one treatment to cycle into a sensitive phase of the cycle before the next fraction is given. Similarly, tumor cells that were chronically or acutely hypoxic (and therefore more radioresistant) may reoxygenate between fractions, improving the tumor cell kill.
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Types of radiation therapy Historically, the three main divisions of radiotherapy are external beam radiotherapy (EBRT or XBRT) or teletherapy, brachytherapy or sealed source radiotherapy, and systemic radioisotope therapy or unsealed source radiotherapy. The differences relate to the position of the radiation source; external is outside the body, brachytherapy uses sealed radioactive sources placed precisely in the area under treatment, and systemic radioisotopes are given by infusion or oral ingestion. Brachytherapy can use temporary or permanent placement of radioactive sources.
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The temporary sources are usually placed by a technique called afterloading. In afterloading a hollow tube or applicator is placed surgically in the organ to be treated, and the sources are loaded into the applicator after the applicator is implanted. This minimizes radiation exposure to health care personnel. Particle therapy is a special case of external beam radiotherapy where the particles are protons or heavier ions. Introperative radiotherapy is a special type of radiotherapy that is delivered immediately after surgical removal of the cancer. This method has been employed in breast cancer (TARGeted Introperative radioTherapy), brain tumours and rectal cancers.
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Particle Therapy In particle therapy (Proton therapy), energetic ionizing particles (protons or carbon ions) are directed at the target tumor. The dose increases while the particle penetrates the tissue, up to a maximum (the Bragg peak) that occurs near the end of the particle's range, and it then drops to (almost) zero. The advantage of this energy deposition profile is that less energy is deposited into the healthy tissue surrounding the target tissue.
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Principles of Radiotherapy 1. Delivering of an optimal dose to the tumor 2. Minimal damage of surrounding organs & tissues. 3. Measures stimulating protective forces of the body
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Radioisotope Therapy (RIT) Systemic radioisotope therapy is a form of targeted therapy. Targeting can be due to the chemical properties of the isotope such as radioiodine which is specifically absorbed by the thyroid gland a thousand fold better than other bodily organs. Targeting can also be achieved by attaching the radioisotope to another molecule or antibody to guide it to the target tissue. The radioisotopes are delivered through infusion (into the bloodstream) or ingestion. Examples are the infusion of metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) to treat neuroblastoma, of oral iodine-131 to treat thyroid cancer or thyrotoxicosis, and of hormone-bound lutetium-177 and yttrium-90 to treat neuroendocrine tumors (peptide receptor radionuclide therapy). Another example is the injection of radioactive glass or resin microspheres into the hepatic artery to radioembolize liver tumors or liver metastases.
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Today more than 70 % of oncological patients obtain radiation treatment as initial in connection with relapses of disease with the palliative purpose
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Treatment of tumors may be: RADICAL RT– complete cure of the patients –Indications: an early stages (I-II). PALLIATIVE RT - a temporary improvement of patients life, life prolongation (stages III- IV). SYMPTOMATIC RT - to alleviate the most severe manifestations of the disease
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Approximately 45 % are cured 22 – surgery (independently or in combination) 18 – radiation therapy (independently or as a leading method) 5 – chemotherapy (independently or, more often, it is combined with surgery and radiation therapy)
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The role of a radiotherapy grows because of early diagnostics of oncological diseases
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Radiotherapeutic Interval Selection of an irradiation regimen: delivery of an optimal total tumor dose (TTD) Radiosensitivity of healthy and tumor cells is practically the same. The radiotherapeutic interval is a difference between radiosensitivity of the tumor and surrounding healthy organs and tissues It should be increased
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Mechanisms of cells’ death interphase death (apoptosis) loss of reproductive ability
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Factors of modification Natural radiosensitivity Oxygen Cellular restitution Restitution of potentially lethal damages Cellular cycle Cellular proliferation
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Methods of radiomodification Oxygenous effect: Oxybaroradiotherapy Hypoxiradiotherapy- gaseous hypoxia-protection of normal tissues Chemical compounds: Radiosensibilizers Hyperthermia Polyradiomodification
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Normal tissues, which radiosensitiveness can essentially influence on planning of treatment and/or the appointed dose Organs of hazard
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Effect of a radiotherapy depends on a dose in a tumour
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Factors of therapeutic dose limitation tolerance of normal tissues around a tumour, that is acute responses of tissues late radiation effects
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Radiations for radiotherapy photons electrons beta particles heavy particles (protons, neutrons)
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Sources of radiotherapeutic radiations X-Rays linacs cyclic accelerators nuclear reactors radionuclides
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Methods of radiotherapy
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On distance Source – Target Distant irradiation Contact irradiation (Brachytherapy)
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On localization of source outside irradiation intracavitary irradiation interstitial irradiation enteral or parenteral introducing of radionuclides
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On type of apparatus Roentgenotherapy (X-Rays) (low voltage, orthovoltage) Telegammatherapy Therapy by photons of a linac Therapy by electrons of a linac Brachytherapy by the closed radionuclides Brachytherapy by "grains" of radionuclides
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Methods of patient’s irradiation S t a t i c irradiation can be performed through: Single field technique Multiple field technique M o b i l e irradiation: Rotational
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Contraindications for RT grave patient’s state, cachexia, anemia, leukopenia, acute septic states decompensated states of heart, liver, kidneys Active tuberculosis Extension of tumors to adjacent hollow organs, growth into great blood vessels. An inflammatory process
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RT of NON-TUMOR DISEASES It is carried out only according to strict indications when other methods failed Single and total doses should be small in the range of 0.1-0.7 Gy every alternate day up to a TFD of 4-7 Gy The basic method is a direct local irradiation of the focus using the remote technique Radiation field is equal to the focal size The X-ray unit or telegammatherapy is used at deep foci (more often X-ray therapy )
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Inflammatory processes We cause local plethora, an increased permeability of capillaries, formation of bioactive substances, lymphocytolysis The principle of treatment – the severe the process, the lower the dose. At the initial stage, it is possible to terminate the process, alleviate pain, relieve inflammation. At phase of necrosis and purulation - rapid infiltrate melting and its delimitation. At the phase of regeneration – rapid wound epithelisation.
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Mechanisms of activity Anti-inflammatory Anesthesia Desensitization Ablation of function
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Purulent surgical infection Purulent wounds Pain pancreatitis Postoperative anastomosites Thrombophlebites Arthritises and arthroses Bursitises Neuritises Neuralgias Ablation of a hyperfunction
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Clinical-dosimetric planning of RT The main clinical-dosimetric task is to create the most favorable spatial distribution of absorbed radiation doses in patient’s body EXTERNAL BEAM THERAPY
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Accuracy of dose application On quantity +7 ÷ -5 % In space ±3 mm
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Protection of the patient at a radiotherapy
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1. Confidence that the radiotherapy will bring benefit to the patient
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2. Optimization of protection – adequate dose in a target and decreasing of dose up to reasonably achievable level in other tissues
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1.2 millions of new oncological diseases are registered in EU (2000) Cured alive patients – 11 millions
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0,17 millions are registered in Ukraine (2000) It is registered in the Cancer-register 0,78 million
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THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!