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Musculoskeletal System and Adult Nursing PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Musculoskeletal system and adult nursing” by Myrna Williamson, MSN, RN, OCN.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about the age related changes in the musculoskeletal system. These changes in the musculoskeletal system can affect a persons quality of life, making it important to maintain a healthy lifestyle and engage in regular physical activity to help slow down the rate of decline.

Tags : Musculoskeletal system, adult nursing, Geriatrics, Geriatric Medicine, Geriatrics PowerPoint presentation

Published on : May 09, 2023 | Views : 2008 | Downloads : 4

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Slide 1-

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM MODULE I NURSING 105: ADULT NURSING Myrna Williamson, MSN, RN, OCN
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In the very young… The skeleton is composed of mostly cartilage and is therefore, pliable with a decreased incidence of bone fractures and breakage in childhood
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Mature Bone Rigid connective tissue consisting of cells; Collagen Calcium Phosphate
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SKELETON From Herlihy, B. & Maebius, N. (2000). The human body in health and illness. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
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SKELETON AXIAL PORTION Cranium Vertebrae Ribs APPENDICULAR PORTION Limbs Shoulders Hips
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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY REVIEW Structure & Function Skeletal System Bone Formation, Maintenance, Healing Articular System Joints – synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, & diarthrosis Skeletal Muscle System Contraction Tone Actions Exercise, Disuse, & Repair
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Bone Cells Osteogenic Cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts
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Bone Formation & Maintenance Ossification Resorption & Formation Local stress Vit. D Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Blood supply
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TYPES OF BONES From Herlihy, B. & Maebius, N. (2000). The human body in health and illness. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
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SPONGY BONE Located in the ends of long bones and the center of flat and irregular bones Can withstand forces applied in many directions
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DENSE (COMPACT) BONE Covers spongy bone Cylinder around a central marrow cavity Can withstand force predominantly in one direction
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SPONGY BONE AND COMPACT BONE From Herlihy, B. & Maebius, N. (2000). The human body in health and illness. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
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FUNCTIONS OF BONE Framework Support Movement Shape Maintain Position Attachment of Muscles Protects Organs Storage Hematopoiesis Remodeling Reformation Movable Joints
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CHARACTERISTICS OF JOINTS Allow the movement between bones Formed where two bones join Surfaces are covered with cartilage Enclosed in a capsule
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Classification of Joints A-C; Synarthrotic (immovable) & amphiarthrotic (slightly movable) joints. D-E: Diarthrodial (freely movable) joints
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Types of Diarthrodial Joints Hinge Ball & Socket Pivot Condyloid Saddle Gliding
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SYNOVIAL JOINT From Applegate E: The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System, ed. 2, Philadelphia, 2000, W.B. Saunders.
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SYNOVIAL JOINT OF THE KNEE From Herlihy, B. & Maebius, N. (2000). The human body in health and illness. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
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ANTERIOR VIEW OF MAJOR MUSCLES From Herlihy, B. & Maebius, N. (2000). The human body in health and illness. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
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POSTERIOR VIEW OF MAJOR MUSCLES From Herlihy, B. & Maebius, N. (2000). The human body in health and illness. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
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SKELETAL MUSCLE From Herlihy, B. & Maebius, N. (2000). The human body in health and illness. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
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Neuromuscular Junction
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CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLES Made up of bundles of muscle fibers Provide the force to move bones Assist in maintaining posture Assist with heat production
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4 Steps of Muscle Contraction Excitation Coupling Contraction Relaxation
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Body Movements Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction Supination Pronation Inversion Eversion Protraction Retraction
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Age Related Changes of Musculoskeletal System Bones Muscles Joints Ligaments
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Nursing Assessment Health History Initial Interview Assessment Data Pain Altered Sensations
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Nursing Assessment Physical Assessment Posture Gait Bone Integrity Joint Function Muscle Strength & Size Skin Neurovascular Status
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RISK FACTORS Autoimmune disorders Calcium deficiency Degenerative conditions Falls Hyperuricemia Infection
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RISK FACTORS (Continued) Medications Metabolic disorders Neoplastic disorders Obesity Postmenopausal states Trauma and injury
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Diagnostic Evaluation Imaging Procedures X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Arthrography Bone Densitometry
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Diagnostic Evaluation Nuclear Studies Bone Scan Endoscopic Studies Arthroscopy Other Studies Arthrocentesis Electromyography Biopsy Laboratory Studies (CBC) Urinalysis (Calcium) Blood Chemistry Serum Calcium Serum Phosphate Uric Acid Serum Creatinine LDH, SGOT, CPK
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X-RAYS DESCRIPTION IMPLEMENTATION
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ARTHROCENTESIS DESCRIPTION IMPLEMENTATION
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ARTHROGRAM DESCRIPTION IMPLEMENTATION Arthrogram of the Knee
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ARTHROSCOPY DESCRIPTION IMPLEMENTATION
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BONE SCAN DESCRIPTION IMPLEMENTATION
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BONE OR MUSCLE BIOPSY DESCRIPTION IMPLEMENTATION Muscle Biopsy Showing Polymyositis
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ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG) From Mourad LA (1991) Orthopedic disorders. St. Louis: Mosby.
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MYELOGRAM From Herlihy B, Maebius NK: The human body in health and illness, Philadelphia, 2000, W.B. Saunders.
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MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES Skeletal Trauma Injuries to Support Structures
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Fractures Described according to location and type
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Types of Fractures Complete or Incomplete Open (formerly referred to as compound) Closed (formerly referred to as simple)
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Complete Fractures Linear Oblique Transverse Spiral
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Complete Fractures Comminuted Impacted Pathologic Avulsion
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Complete Fractures Compression Displaced Extracapsular Intracapsular
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Incomplete Fractures Greenstick Torus Bowing fracture Transchondral fracture Stress Fractures
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TYPES OF FRACTURES From Ignativicius, D. & Workman, M. (2002). Medical-surgical nursing, ed 4, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Slide 49-

Types of Fractures
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Pathophysiology of a Fracture Tissue Disrupted Bleeding Occurs Hematoma Forms Bone Tissue
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Healing of a Fracture Inflammatory response Vascular tissue Bone-forming cells Callus formation Osteoblasts Remodeling
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Speed of Healing Hematoma formation – within hours Procallus – within days Callus formation – within weeks Replacement and remodeling – up to 4 years
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Fractures – Clinical Manifestations Impaired function Deformity (unnatural alignment) Swelling Muscle spasm Tenderness Pain Impaired sensation
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FRACTURE OF AN EXTREMITY ASSESSMENT INITIAL CARE
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INTERVENTIONS FOR A FRACTURE Reduction Fixation Traction Casts
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Fractures - Treatment Reduction Closed manipulation Traction (skin or skeletal) Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), (insertion of prosthesis, screw, plate, nail or wire).
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CLOSED REDUCTION From Black, J., Hawks, J., and Keene, A. (2001). Medical-surgical nursing, ed 6, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
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INTERNAL FIXATION From Browner BB et al (1992) Skeletal trauma. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
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Types of Internal Fixation for a Hip Fracture
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EXTERNAL FIXATION From Ignatavicius, D., Workman, M. (2002). Medical-surgical nursing, ed 3, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Courtesy of Smith and Nephew, Inc., Orthopedics Division, Memphis, TN.
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TYPES OF HIP FRACTURES Intracapsular Extracapsular
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HIP REPLACEMENTS From Mosby’s Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary, ed 6, (2002). St. Louis: Mosby. Courtesy of Zimmer, Inc., Warsaw, IN.
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TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT From Beare PG, Myers JL (1998): Adult Health Nursing, ed. 3 St. Louis: Mosby.
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HIP FRACTURE POSTOPERATIVE CARE CLIENT EDUCATION
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TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT DESCRIPTION POSTOPERATIVE CARE
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KNEE PROSTHESIS From Black, J., Hawks, J., and Keene, A. (2001). Medical-surgical nursing, ed 6, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
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CONTINUOUS PASSIVE MOTION
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CASTS
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Cast Care Educate Apply Ice Instruct Prevent Attend
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TRACTION DESCRIPTION IMPLEMENTATION
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SKELETAL TRACTION DESCRIPTION IMPLEMENTATION
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SKIN TRACTION DESCRIPTION Traction applied by the use of elastic bandages or adhesive Side Arm
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CERVICAL SKIN TRACTION From James, S. Ashwill, R., & Droske, S. (2002). Nursing care of children, ed 2, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Slide 74-

HEAD HALTER TRACTION From Black JM, Matassarin-Jacobs E (1993) Luckman and Sorensen’s medical-surgical nursing: a psychophysiologic approach, 4th ed., Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
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BUCK’S SKIN TRACTION From Black JM, Matassarin-Jacobs E (1993) Luckman and Sorensen’s medical-surgical nursing: a psychophysiologic approach, 4th ed., Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
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PELVIC SKIN TRACTION From Black JM, Matassarin-Jacobs E (1993) Luckman and Sorensen’s medical-surgical nursing: a psychophysiologic approach, 4th ed., Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
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BALANCED SUSPENSION From Black JM, Matassarin-Jacobs E (1993) Luckman and Sorensen’s medical-surgical nursing: a psychophysiologic approach, 4th ed., Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Slide 78-

DUNLOP’S SKIN TRACTION From Mosby’s Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary, ed 6, (2002). St. Louis: Mosby.
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COMPLICATIONS OF FRACTURES Fat embolism Compartment syndrome Infection and osteomyelitis Avascular necrosis Pulmonary emboli Venous thrombosis Delayed union & nonunion
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FAT EMBOLISM DESCRIPTION ASSESSMENT IMPLEMENTATION
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COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
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INFECTION AND OSTEOMYELITIS DESCRIPTION ASSESSMENT IMPLEMENTATION
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AVASCULAR NECROSIS DESCRIPTION ASSESSMENT IMPLEMENTATION
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PULMONARY EMBOLISM DESCRIPTION Caused by immobility precipitated by a fracture
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Venous Thrombosis Description Assessment Implementation
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Delayed Union & Nonunion Description Assessment Implementation
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Other Skeletal Trauma Dislocation Subluxation Injuries to Support Structures Tendon tear Ligament tear Strain Sprain Avulsion Tendonitis Bursitis
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Soft Tissue Injury of Hip
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CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME Associated with occupations that require continuous wrist movement.
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Sports-Related Injuries Rotator Cuff Tears Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) Lateral & Medial Collateral Ligament Injury Anterior & Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Meniscal Injuries Rupture of Achilles Tendon
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CRUTCH WALKING
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CRUTCH GAITS From Mosby’s Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary, ed 6, (2002). St. Louis: Mosby.
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SINGLE- AND QUAD-FOOT CANES From Beare PG, Myers JL (1998): Adult Health Nursing, ed. 3 St. Louis: Mosby.
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WALKERS
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HERNIATION: INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
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CERVICAL DISC CERVICAL COLLAR
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LUMBAR DISC DESCRIPTION IMPLEMENTATION
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LOW BACK CARE From Black, J., Hawks, J., and Keene, A. (2001). Medical-surgical nursing, ed 6, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Slide 99-

TYPES OF DISC SURGERY CHEMOLYSIS DISCECTOMY DISCECTOMY WITH FUSION LAMINOTOMY LAMINECTOMY
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DISC SURGERY PREOPERATIVE POSTOPERATIVE: CERVICAL DISC POSTOPERATIVE: LUMBAR DISC
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AMPUTATION OF A LOWER EXTREMITY DESCRIPTION The surgical removal of a lower limb or part of the limb
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AMPUTATION FLAPS From Beare PG, Myers JL (1998): Adult Health Nursing, ed. 3 St. Louis: Mosby.
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AMPUTATION OF A LOWER EXTREMITY POSTOPERATIVE Monitor vital signs Monitor for infection and hemorrhage Mark bleeding and drainage on the dressing if it occurs Keep a tourniquet at the bedside Monitor for pulmonary emboli
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STUMP WRAPPING From Black, J., Hawks, J., and Keene, A. (2001). Medical-surgical nursing, ed 6, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
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BELOW-THE-KNEE AMPUTATION POSTOPERATIVE Prevent edema Do not allow the stump to hang over the edge of the bed Do not allow the client to sit for long periods of time to prevent contractures
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ABOVE-THE-KNEE AMPUTATION POSTOPERATIVE Prevent internal or external rotation of the limb Place a sandbag or rolled towel along the outside of the thigh to prevent rotation
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DISORDERS OF BONE Metabolic Bones Diseases Infectious Bone Disease Bone Tumors
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Infectious Bone Disease: Osteomyelitis Difficult to treat Physical disability Bacteria Exogenous Endogenous
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OSTEOMYELITIS DESCRIPTION ASSESSMENT IMPLEMENTATION
Slide 110-

Bone Tumors Incidence Signs & Symptoms Diagnosis
Slide 111-

DISORDERS OF JOINTS Noninflammatory joint disease Inflammatory joint disease
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INFLAMMATORY JOINT DISEASE Rheumatoid arthritis Ankylosing Spondylitis Gouty arthritis
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RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) DESCRIPTION ASSESSMENT
Slide 114-

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS From Lemmi FO, Lemmi CAE: Physical assessment findings CD-ROM, Philadelphia, 2000, W.B. Saunders. MUSCLE ATROPHY BOUTONNIERE DEFORMITY SWAN NECK DEFORMITY
Slide 115-

RHEUMATOID NODULE From Lemmi FO, Lemmi CAE: Physical assessment findings CD-ROM, Philadelphia, 2000, W.B. Saunders.
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RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDs) CORTICOSTEROIDS ANTINEOPLASTIC MEDICATIONS GOLD SALTS
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RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) PHYSICAL MOBILITY SELF-CARE
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RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) FATIGUE BODY IMAGE DISTURBANCE
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RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS SYNOVECTOMY ARTHRODESIS JOINT REPLACEMENT (ARTHROPLASTY)
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Ankylosing Spondylitis Chronic Inflammatory Disease Systemic autoimmune disease Differs from RA Signs & Symptoms Treatment
Slide 121-

GOUTY JOINT Description Phases Assessment Implementation
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GOUT From Clinical Slide Collection of the Rheumatic Diseases, © 1991,1995,1997. Used with permission of the American College of Rheumatology.
Slide 123-

Noninflammatory Joint Disease Degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) is the most common
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OSTEOARTHRITIS DESCRIPTION Also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD) JOINT CHANGES IN OSTEOARTHRITIS
Slide 125-

OSTEOARTHRITIS From Kamal A, Brockelhurst J: Color atlas of geriatric medicine, ed. 2, St. Louis, 1991, Mosby. SEVERE OSTEOARTHRITIS HEBERDEN’S NODES BOUCHARD’S NODES
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OSTEOARTHRITIS PHYSICAL MOBILITY
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OSTEOARTHRITISSURGICAL INTERVENTIONS OSTEOTOMY TOTAL JOINT REPLACEMENT (TJR)
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RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND OSTEOARTHRITIS CLIENT EDUCATION Assist Instruct Review
Slide 129-

Metabolic Bone Diseases Osteoporosis Osteomalacia Paget’s Disease
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OSTEOPOROSIS DOWAGER’S HUMP
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OSTEOPOROTIC CHANGES From Black, J., Hawks, J., and Keene, A. (2001). Medical-surgical nursing, ed 6, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Slide 132-

SEVERE OSTEOPOROSIS From Lemmi FO, Lemmi CAE: Physical assessment findings CD-ROM, Philadelphia, 2000, W.B. Saunders.
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MILWAUKEE BRACE From Mosby’s Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary, ed 6, (2002). St. Louis: Mosby.
Slide 134-

OSTEOMALACIA Metabolic disease Bone volume unchanged Osteomalacia – adults Rickets - children
Slide 135-

Paget’s Disease Osteitis Deformans Increased metabolic activity Usually no TX Affects men and women equally
Slide 136-

Nursing Diagnoses Knowledge Deficit Impaired Physical Mobility Self-care Deficit Risk for Infection Impaired Skin Integrity Imbalanced Nutrition Acute/Chronic Pain
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THE END OF MUSCULOSKELETAL