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Poisonous Plant PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : poisonous plant

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Published on : Apr 07, 2023 | Views : 1111 | Downloads : 1

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Poisonous Plants Tanvir Ahmed Fahim
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Poison : A poison is a natural or synthethic substance that is capable of producing adverse effects on an individual under appropriate conditions, whether it is ingested, inhaled, or absorbed or injected through the skin. Poisonous plant : Poisonous plants are the plants possessing toxic principles which when introduced into the body will affect very deleteriously and may cause impairment of the body function, even leading to death. The study of plant poisons is known as phytotoxicology. Poisonous plants produce poison or toxin that is a protein in nature. The Poison is produced by posinous plants is called Phytotoxin. Thus poisonous plants produce these poisonous compounds that interfere in the metabolism of living organisms, and damage the basic life principle, i.e. protoplasm of the cells. Poisoning may be mild to moderate that is easily tolerable and manageable; or it may be severe enough, that may lead to drastic consequences even death, if not treated properly. Plant toxins are generally the metabolites produce through plants to protect themselves against different threats like insects, predators and microorganisms . These toxins found in food plants is due to natural or new reproduction methods which enhance defensive mechanism.
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Grades of poisoning Following are the grades of poisoning produced by poisonous plants – Mild poisoning : poisoning may be called as mild poisoning if the symptoms produced by the poisonous plants are like itching (on the palm of hands, soles of feet, body etc) sneezing, lacrimation, redness of skin ,shivering, dizziness, dryness of mouth etc. e.g. poisoning due to Asparagus, daffodils etc. Moderate poisoning : poisoning If the symptoms are not severe, i.e. may bearable by the patient for sometimes, or become distressing and aggravated if left untreated Common symptoms including - diarrhea, abdominal pain, severe vomiting, gas-enteritis, colitis, burning sensation of mouth and throat, blisters Severe poisoning: If the poisoning produced by poisonous plants are severe enough and cant be tolerated by the patient. In many cases, if patient is left untreated, drastic consequences may occur, even leading to death. symptoms- appearance indicating involvement of vital system of the body like cs, cns or rs. Common symptoms including - Excessive, uncontrolled diarrhea or vomiting, hypotension, hypertension, spasm, seizure, narrowing of air passages etc. Severe poisoning may be observed by following plants : e.g. Nux-vomica, digital leaves, aconitum etc
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Types of poisonous plants Cyanogenic plants Gastro entric plants Atropine containing plants CNS toxic plants Cardio toxic plants Hepatotoxic plants
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CYANOGENETIC PLANTS Toxic Principle: Cyanogenetic glycosides or cyanogens Plants : apple (Malus domestica) apricot (Prunus armeniaca) bamboo (Bambusa bamboo) Prunus domestica ( Plum ). Damage to the plant from wilting, trampling, frost, drought, bruising etc. results in the enzymes and glycosides coming together causing HCN to be formed. Beta- glycosideases are also produced by microorganisms. Mechanism of toxic action: Cyanogenic glycosides in plants are stored in the vacuole. Storing them in inactive forms in the vacuole prevents them from damaging the plant under normal conditions. But, if the plant is attacked, they are released and become activated by enzymes in the cytoplasm. These remove the sugar part of the molecule and release toxic HCN. Toxicity resides in the release of Cyanide ion, CN-. Once free cyanide is released from the plant tissue and is absorbed it reacts with ferric iron in cytochrome oxidase which halts cellular respiration. Oxyhemoglobin cannot release oxygen for electron transport in the cytochrome system since the cyanide - cytochrome oxidase will not function in electron transport.
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Diagnosis: Clinical signs- Signs may include excitement, general muscle tremors, dyspnea, salivation, defecation, severe diarrhoea, convulsion Laboratory diagnosis - Measurement of cyanide in GI contents. Lesions- Bright red color to blood and mucous membranes, detection of plant material in GI tract.
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Gastro-enteric Plants Mouth and throat irritants This group includes plants that cause irritation in mouth and throat upon chewing. Plants : Colocasia esculanta (Colocasia) Symptoms of toxicity: Burning sensation , Increased salivation , Blisters on tongue Gastric mucosa irritants This group includes plants that produce spontaneous emesis upon ingestion Plants : Crinum asiaticum (lily) Symptoms of toxicity: Emesis , Convulsions
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Intestinal mucosa irritants This group includes plants that produce emesis, colic (abdominal pain) and diarrhea within one hour of ingestion. Plants : Aesculus indica (horse chestnut) Symptoms: Abdominal pain , Emesis , Diarrhea , Muscular weakness , Hypotension , Dermatitis , Blisteron tongue & throat Plants producing delayed gastroenteritis This group includes plants that produce gastroenteritis after these are ingested and swallowed. Plants : Ricinus Communis (Arand) Symptoms: Burning sensation , Gastroenteritis , Diarrhea , Emesis , Respiratory disturbances , Cardiac arrest.
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Atropine containing plants Plants include : Atropa belladonna, Datura stramonium , Hyoscyamus niger Symptoms of toxicity : Intense thirst, Flushed skin, CNS hyperirritability , Delirium, Arythmias, Hallucination, Convulsions, Dizziness, Blurred vision, Coma and death. CNS toxic plants There are many plants containing neurotoxin that have toxic effects on the nervous system. Convulsants This group of plants causes convulsions or seizure Plants include : Cicuta virosa ( Hemlock ) Azadirachta indica ( Neem ), Strychnos nux-vomica ( Kuchla ) Symptoms : Seizure, Hallucination , Confusion, Cerebral damage , Unconciousness, Block nerve impulse
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Plants that alter awareness This group of plants contains substances that can cause an altered mental or behavioural state in animals. Plants include : Cannabis sativa ( Marijuana ) Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) Signs of toxicity: Depression , Blurred vision ,Unconsciousness, Delerium, Dementia, Cardiac and respiratory distress. Plants having nicotine like action These plants contain either nicotine or similar substances. Plants: Nicotiana tobaccum ( Tobacco ) Signs of toxicity include : Nausea, Vomitting, Salivation, Diarrhoea, Convulsions, Muscle twitching, Weakness, Hypertesion, Cough, Chest pain
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Cardiotoxi c Plants Plants that cause cardiovascular changes . Several plants contain chemicals that rapidly and significantly affect the heart. Plants that effect heart are : Digitalis purpurea , Digitalis lanata Signs and symptoms of toxicity: Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhoea , Respiratory distress , Cardiac arrest, Arrythmias Hepatotoxic plants This group of plants contains Hepatoxin that can cause damage or inflammation of liver. Plants that produce hepatotoxicity are : Terminalia chebula , Trifolium spp. Signs and symptoms of toxicity: Rash, fever, fatigue, edema, itching, yellowing of skin, loss of appetite , abdominal pain