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Pituitary Disorders PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical titled "Pituitary Disorders".

This medical talks about the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain that produces and secretes various hormones that control many functions in the body. Pituitary disorders occur when there is an abnormality in the pituitary gland, leading to either an excess or deficiency of certain hormones. Some common pituitary disorders include Pituitary adenomas, Hypopituitarism, Diabetes insipidus, Hyperprolactinemia, and Acromegaly, etc.

Tags : pituitary gland, Pituitary disorders, Pituitary adenomas, Hypopituitarism, Diabetes insipidus, Hyperprolactinemia, Acromegaly, endocrinology, endocrinology

Published on : Apr 21, 2023 | Views : 1803 | Downloads : 10

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Pituitary Disorders
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Objectives Anatomy of hypothalamus and pituitary Function of hypothalamus and pituitary Hormones: Anterior pituitary with related disorders Posterior pituitary with related disorders
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis The hypothalamus is the coordinator of Endocrine system Received signals from cortical brain, autonomic function, environment cues like light and temperature It affects function of thyroid gland, adrenal, gonads, growth, milk production and water balance
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Hypothalamus-pituitary Axis nonendocrine functions such as temperature regulation, the activity of the autonomic nervous system, and control of appetite.
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Endocrine system
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Hypothalamus At the base of the brain, below third ventricle, above pituitary gland and optic chiasm Hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by pituitary stalk which connect median eminence to the pituitary gland Multiple nuclei in anterior part producing hormones to anterior pituitary Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei produce ADH to control poster pituitary function
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Hypothalamus
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Function of hypothalamus Terminals of hypothalamic neurones are in the median eminence carrying the hormones through capillary plexus to the pituitary gland Release all the hormones to control the pituitary function beside neuroendocrine function
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Hypothalamus
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Major hypothalamic hormones and their effect on anterior pituitary hormones
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Hormonal regulation
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Growth hormone Polypeptide hormone Somatotrophs of anterior pituitary Action is mediated by IGF-I Half life is 20-50 mins Has a binding protein: GHBPs Pulsatile secretion: variable level in the blood Binds to its receptor on cell- surface: cytokine receptor Lack intrinsic enzyme activity Has similar receptor structure to others: leptin, IL-2, PRL Controlled by HP and peripheral factors GHRH stimulates it, somatostatin inhibits
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Growth hormone ↑↑ GH: Physiologic: sleep, exercise, stress, fasting Pathologic: Liver cirrhosis, AN, CRF, starvation Pharmacologic: Estrogen, ACTH, ADH, GHRH,Ghrelin dopamine agonist, K infusion,serotonin arginin ↓↓ GH: Physiologic: ↑glucose, ↑ FFAs, Pharmacologic: Somatostatin, GH,GC, PG Pathologic: ↑ or ↓ T4, Obesity
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Diagnosis of acromegaly GH, IGF-I Oral glucose tolerance testing To assess excess GH secretion
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Acromegaly-Diagnosis Oral glucose tolerance test Measure GH and IGF-I : high
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Growth hormone deficiency Diagnosis in children and adult
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Diagnosis of GH-deficiency and management GH, IGF-I level Dynamic testing: clonidine stimulation test, glucagon stimulation, exercise testing, arginine-GHRH, insulin tolerance testing X-ray of hands: delayed bone age In Adult: Insulin tolerance testing, MRI pituitary to rule out pituitary adenoma Management: GH replacement
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Cortisol under ACTH Stable circadian rhythm Altered by: Physical stress Psychological stress CNS and pituitary disorder liver and renal failure
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Cushing’s Disease High ACTH leading More common in females 3-8 times than in men Generally not common : 5-25 per million
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Cushing’s disease
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Diagnosis of cushing’s disease 24 hr urine free cortisol Overnight 1 mg dexamethasone suppression testing ACTH level and Pm cortisol MRI pituitary: for pituitary adenoma
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hyperprolactinemia
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Symptoms Premenopausal women: Hypogonadism, amenorrhoea or olighomenorrhoea, infertility, Galactorrhoea Men: hypogonadortropic hypogonadism, decreased libido, infertility, galactorrhoea, Gynecomastia
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LH and FSH-secreting adenoma
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