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Description : Communication in the healthcare system

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Published on : Mar 19, 2021 | Views : 2956 | Downloads : 5

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COMMUNICATION
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OBJECTIVES To discuss: What is communication? What are the types of communication? What are the medias for communication? Formal vs Informal communication
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WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? Communication is defined as a 2-way process of exchanging or shaping ideas, feelings & information. Health communication is the study and practice of communicating promotional health information, such as in public health campaigns, health education, and between doctor and patient.
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PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION The goal of all communication is to bring about a change in the desired direction of the person who receives the communication – cognitive, affective, psychomotor. The purpose of disseminating health information is to influence personal health choices by improving health literacy.
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THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS 5 components: Sender (source) Receiver (audience) Message (content) Channel (medium) Feedback (effect)
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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION One-way communication Two-way communication Verbal communication Non – verbal communication Formal and Informal communication Visual communication Tele communication and Internet
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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION One way communication (Didactic Method) E.g., lecture method in classrooms, radio, television, performances Draw backs -knowledge is imposed -learning is authoritative -little audience participation -no feedback -does not influence human behavior
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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Two-way communication (Socratic Method) E.g., police, fire, emergency response personnel Audience may raise questions Add their own information, ideas and opinions to the subject Learning is active and democratic More likely to influence behavior
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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Verbal communication Word of mouth, traditional way Is persuasive Includes sounds, words, language, and speech 4 types: -Intrapersonal Communication - is extremely private and restricted to ourselves. It includes the silent conversations we have with ourselves, wherein we juggle roles between the sender and receiver who are processing our thoughts and actions. -Interpersonal Communication - This form of communication takes place between two individuals and is thus a one-on-one conversation. Here, the two individuals involved will swap their roles of sender and receiver in order to communicate in a clearer manner.
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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Verbal communication -Small Group Communication - there are more than two people involved. They will be small enough to allow each participant to interact and converse with the rest. Examples include press conferences, board meetings, and team meetings. Unless a specific issue is being discussed, small group discussions can become chaotic and difficult to interpret by everybody. This lag in understanding information completely can result in miscommunication. -Public Communication - This type of communication takes place when one individual address a large gathering of people. Election campaigns and public speeches are example of this type of communication. In such cases, there is usually a single sender of information and several receivers who are being addressed.
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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Non-verbal communication Communication without words Bodily movements, postures, gestures, facial expressions Silence is a form of non-verbal communication Can sometimes speak louder than words
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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Formal communication E.g., scheduled meetings Follows lines of authority Informal communication E.g., gossip circles May be more active, if formal channels do not cater to the information needs
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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Visual communication Includes things that can be seen such as: -charts -graphs -pictograms -tables -maps -posters Visual communication can be used in conferences and trade shows, websites, social media posts, office presentations and meetings, etc.
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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Telecommunication and Internet Communication over distance Radio, TV, Internet, telephone, telegraph, etc. Point to point telecommunications systems (telephone and telegraph) are closer to interpersonal communications.
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MEDIAS/CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION Interpersonal - denotes an exchange of information between at least two individuals, carried out in order to coordinate thinking, behavior, or specific action between the communication partners. Mass media - technology that is intended to reach a mass audience. It is the primary means of communication used to reach most of the general public. The most common platforms for mass media are newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet. Folk media - include visual, verbal, and aural forms accepted by a specific community and used to entertain, inform, or instruct. Poetry, puppetry, songs, and dramas are examples of dynamic folk media.
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Informal communication (‘grapevine’)- is commonly used by busy healthcare professionals providing patient updates as they cross in the hall ,its less structured, than formal and often allows for more interaction and communication between patients and caregivers/ Doctor or Healthcare workers among themselves . Conversing with patients about their interests, families, discourse between patients and daily activities generally occurs using informal communication. Informal communication can take place when a care worker is communicating with another work colleague who is also a friend, or when they have built a relationship with a patient or relative that they have known very well. Although informal communication creates so many advantages, but they are not free from drawbacks or limitations. What is Informal Communication?
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Types of Informal Communication There are four different types of informal communication: Single Strand Gossip Chain Probability Chain Cluster Chain
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Types of Informal Communications Single Strand One person communicates with one person and then they go and communicate with another one person. Communication is traveling from one person to another one person. E.g., For example, A tells to B, who tells it to C & so on.
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Types of informal Communication Gossip Chain Group conversation where everyone is talking to each other informally. e.g., two physicians of the same hospital are going in for a love marriage and some person is information, he passes on this information to a large number of staffs.
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Types of informal Communication Probability Chain probability chains are those chains in which information may move from anybody to anybody. It is found when information is somewhat interesting but not really significant. And in this chain it is observed that only some people in the organization get to know the information
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Types of informal communication Cluster Chain One person shares information with a group of selected individuals and in turn each of those individuals shares that information with others.
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Characteristics of informal Communication Some general characteristics are: Huge Impact Flexibility Speed Distortion Extra Ability Unsaid Information Contradictory Information
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Advantages of Informal Communication Spreads Rapidly-Being a channel free from documentation and hierarchal barriers, & serves as the fastest medium of exchanging thoughts and information within and outside an organization. Feedback is Quick-Every action has an equal and opposite reaction,, and it is quick too. The feedback of the rumor reaches in no time back to the person from where the rumor originated. Group Cohesiveness– Gossips, which is a form of grapevine often becomes the main reason for bringing people closer and making them friendly. Gossip increases interaction between the employees which directly increases workability of any organization Signals that Problems/Good news exist-One of the most important benefit of grapevine communication is that it keeps the employees updated. Any news, good or bad reaches everyone and allows them to respond according to it.
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Disadvantages of Informal Communication Although informal communication creates so many advantages , they are not free from drawbacks or limitations. Some disadvantages of informal communication system are as follows: Distortion: Informal communication networks do not follow any set of rules, definite liners or ways. So it can transmit any kind of information to any person without any respect or fear. It may spread wrong or distorted news which may sometimes prove harmful. Non-Co-Operation: Sometimes, confusion develops among the persons involved in informal communication. As a result, they may remain separate without any co-operation Misunderstanding: Lack of conduct, decency, decorum and rules cause misunderstanding in informal communication. As a result there may be conflict between employees.
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Importance of Informal Communication In facilitating collaboration among healthcare teams and development of supportive technology. Gaining a more holistic understanding of the patient’s needs. Generating better insight into a patient’s wishes and goals of care. better understand the importance providing a better sense of a patient’s baseline function in comparison to their current function
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What is Formal Communication.? Formal conversation is often used when a professional person, such as a health or social care worker, speaks to someone using a service. It is clear, correct and avoids misunderstanding. Formal communication is used in many health and social care situations, as it is understood by most people and usually doesn't create communication barriers in the ways which other forms of communication, such as informal language, might do. Formal communication shows respect to the people you are communicating with.
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Types of Formal Communication Memos Intranet Meetings Conferences Letters Presentations Speeches Notice Boards Formal One-on-Ones Bulletin Boards Handouts
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Forms of Formal Communication 1. Downward Communication Information flows from management level down to lower levels. It is the most common form of formal communication. Downward communication includes orders and instructions represented in oral or written format. 2. Upward Communication Contains information which passes from subordinate levels up to management and senior levels.
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Forms of Formal Communication 3. Horizontal Communication Communication between individuals who are at the same or similar levels within an organization but have different areas of responsibility. 4. Diagonal Communication This occurs when employees of different departments at different levels communicate with each other irrespective of the chain of command.
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Advantages of formal communication Authority Effective and clear communication Order of information flow Single source of information
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Differences between formal and informal communication Reliability: Formal communication is the more reliable form, as there is a paper trail. Compared to informal communication which has comparatively less reliability and is very unlikely to have a paper trail. Speed: Formal communication is slower. On the other hand, informal communication is very quick, often being instantaneous. Time-Consuming: Formal communication requires several different processes before the whole communication flow is complete, whereas informal communication requires very little process time.
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Differences between formal and informal communication Information Flow: Information through formal communication is only through predefined channels, whereas information through informal communication moves freely. Secrecy: Secrecy is maintained with formal communication, whereas informal communication makes it hard to maintain full secrecy due to its reliance on individuals.
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The End Thank you
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REFERENCES Study.com. [cited 2021Jan27]. Available from: https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-mass-media-definition-types-influence-examples.html#:~:text=Mass%20media%20means%20technology%20that,%2C%20television%2C%20and%20the%20Internet VT; V. Using folk media in development programmes [Internet]. Media Asia. U.S. National Library of Medicine; [cited 2021Jan27]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12281584/#:~:text=Folk%20media%20include%20visual%2C%20verbal,incorporating%20new%20forms%20and%20ideas. Four Types of Verbal Communication [Internet]. MFLF. [cited 2021Jan27]. Available from: http://www.maefahluang.org/?p=17 Reports LTIA, Todd L, Erin McCoy In Company Culture & Teambuilding, McCoy E, Erin McCoy In Killer Visual Strategies News & Updates, Tips EMCID, et al. Visual Communication: Definition, Strategy, Examples, & More [Internet]. Killer Visual Strategies. [cited 2021Jan27]. Available from: https://killervisualstrategies.com/blog/category/visual-communication-2#:~:text=Examples%20of%20where%20visual%20communication,marketing%20success%20includes%20visual%20communication
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REFERENCES Kende A. HEALTH COMMUNICATION & MASS MEDIA IN PUBLIC HEALTH [Internet]. SlideShare. 2017 [cited 2021Jan27]. Available from: https://www.slideshare.net/ameenharriss/health-communication-mass-media-in-public-health Lynton. Communication for Health Education [Internet]. SlideServe. 2014 [cited 2021Jan27]. Available from: https://www.slideserve.com/lynton/communication-for-health-education Podschuweit N. Interpersonal Communication: Media Influence on [Internet]. Wiley Online Library. American Cancer Society; 2017 [cited 2021Jan27]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0137#:~:text=Interpersonal%20communication%20denotes%20an%20exchange,action%20between%20the%20communication%20partners.&text=Media%20technologies%20enable%20new%20ways%20of%20interpersonal%20communication%20and%20change%20regularities. How to Tackle Grapevine Communication in the Workplace [Internet]. The Employee Communications and Advocacy Blog. [cited 2021Jan27]. Available from: https://blog.smarp.com/grapevine-communication-in-the-workplace Types of Communication in Healthcare [Internet]. 8x8. [cited 2021Jan27]. Available from: https://www.8x8.com/blog/types-of-healthcare-communication
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References Formal and Informal Communication in Health and Social Care - A-Level Healthcare - Marked by Teachers.com [Internet]. Marked by Teachers. [cited 2021Jan28]. Available from: http://www.markedbyteachers.com/as-and-a-level/healthcare/formal-and-informal-communication-in-health-and-social-care.html What is Formal and Informal Communication? PeopleGoal. https://www.peoplegoal.com/blog/what-is-formal-and-informal-communication. Importance Of Formal Communication At The Workplace [Internet]. BW people. [cited 2021Jan28]. Available from: http://bwpeople.businessworld.in/article/Importance-Of-Formal-Communication-At-The-Workplace/20-02-2019-167366/#:~:text=Authority%3A%20Formal%20communication%20ensures%20a,in%20this%20form%20of%20communication