Pathology Inflammation Medical Presentation

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Pathology inflammation
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Inflammation Inflammation is the process that cause defense mechanism of the body against injurious agents to destroy it, dilute its toxins, isolate agent and prepare for good healing.
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Inflammation Def: It is response of the living tissue to mild irritant Causes: All causes of cell injury
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Causes of cell injury (injures agents):- 1-Living organism:- As bacteria, virus, parasite and fungus. 2-Non living cause:- 1-Physical coldness, hotness and irradiation. 2-Chemical acid, alkalis and metals. 3-Mechanical trauma. 3-Hypoxia (O2 lack):- 1-Ischemia decrease blood supply (obstruct artery). 2-Inadequate O2 heart and lung diseases. 3-Decrease carrying capacity for O2 anemia. 4-Genetic disease: mutation of nucleus. 5-Enzymatic deficiency. 6-Nutritional 7-Immunological
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The most important places affected in cell are:- (1)Cell membrane. (2) Sites of protein synthesis. (3)Cytoplasm. (4) Chromatin materials. Factors affect on cell injury:- (1)Type of injured cell. (2) Type of injures agent. (3)Duration of injured agents. (4) Severity of agents. N.B 1-When the affected agent take short time and mildly affect → the lesion not sever. 2-But if agent take long time and also mildly the lesion becomes sever.
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Effect of inflammation inflammation has two effects: 1. local effect 2. General effect
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1. local effect vascular phenomena:- 1-Transit V.C due to stimulation of V.C.C. 2-Vasodilatation due to stimulation of V.D.C and effect of histamine. 3-Slowing of circulation due to: 1-swelling of endothelium of B.V. 2- open new capillary 3- hyperemia. 4-Margination of leucocytes to side of blood vessel. 5-Emigration of leucocytes to opening of endothelium towards the site of infection by aids of chemotaxis to phagocytos the agent . 6-Inflammatory fluid exudates (protein rich fluids due to ↑ of hydrostatic pressure + ↓ of osmotic pressure inside and ↑ outside.
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Chemotaxis They are chemical mediators secreted from injurious agent or blood plasma to attract the macrophage to engulf the injuries agents:- 1- Plasma derived: complement, kinins, and coagulated factors. 2-Cell derived: leucocytes, mast cells, fibroblast, and platelets. 3-Others : histamine, prostaglandin and serotonin.
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Inflammatory exudates formed from:- 1-Fluid exudates: riches by fibrinogen+ antitoxin + agglutinin + opsins. 2- Cellular part: polymorphs + macrophage + pus cell [dead leucocytes]. Phagocytosis: It is process by which the macrophages engulf the irritant agents. Cardinal signs of inflammation: 1.Hotness. 2.Swelling. 3.Redness. 4.Pain. 5. Loss of organs function.
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General effect of inflammation To vein =toxemia or bacteraemia viremia , septicemia and pyaemia Inflammatory Area To brain= (pyrexia) To bone marrow =Blood (anemia + leucocytosis Lymph node =Lymphatic hyperplasia Heart =Fatty change + toxic myocarditis
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Types (classification) of inflammation Acute inflammation sub acute chronic Classified into specific as T.B non specific Non-Suppurative Suppurative (with pus) as in viral infection (no-pus) Localized diffuse 1. Cattarrhal. - Cellulites 2. Membranous. – Abscess. – Mucomembranous 3. Fibrinous. – Boil. (Appendicitis [riched by leucocytosis] 4. Hemorrhagic. – carbuncle. 5. Allergic. 6. Serous.
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Acute supp. appendicitis
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Character and examples of acute inflammation The character of acute inflammation are: 1-It is of sudden onset 2-take short duration 3-its cell is polymorphy (neutrophil) 4- has thin B.V. While that of chronic inflammation: 1- It is of gradual onset 2- take long duration 3- its cells are lymphocyte + plasma cells +histocyte + eosinophil + basophile + fibroblast 4-(has thick B.V.)
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Examples of Supportive inflammation 1-Abscess: it is localized suppurative inflammation caused by pyogeneic organism (as Staphylococcus) secrete coagulase. The end of abscess: 1. healing. 2. chronic abscess. 3. chronic ulcer 4. sinus. 5. fistula. 6. pyaemia. 2-Boil (furuncle): it is small abscess related to hair follicle. 3-Carbuncle: Pus present in multiple sinus Not be:- Suppuration means pus formation which is: 1-thick, turbid ,yellow, alkaline fluid 2-composed from(bacteria and their toxin, necrotic tissue ,inflammatory cells and inflammatory fluid exudates
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Skin Ulcer
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16 boils Pustule Lesions caused by staphylococcal infections Abscess
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17 Erysipelas Cellulites Lesions caused by streptococcal infections Diffuse Suppurative inflammation of subcutaneous connective TS Spreading infection of dermis cause red painful lesions in skin
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