Download Free Medical Materials For Orthotic and Prosthetic Applications PowerPoint Presentation

Materials For Orthotic and Prosthetic Applications PowerPoint Presentation

DOWNLOAD MEDICAL POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

About This Presentation

Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Materials for Orthotic and Prosthetic Applications".

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about orthotic and prosthetic devices which are designed to provide support, stability, and mobility for individuals with physical impairments. These devices are made from a variety of materials, each with their own unique properties and advantages. Here are some commonly used materials in orthotic and prosthetic applications:

Thermoplastics - These materials are lightweight, easy to mold, and have excellent durability. They are commonly used for ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) and knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs). Common types of thermoplastics used in orthotics and prosthetics include polypropylene, polyethylene, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).
Carbon fiber - This material is lightweight, strong, and has excellent durability. It is commonly used in prosthetic limbs to provide structural support and improve mobility.
Aluminum - This material is strong, lightweight, and has good corrosion resistance. It is commonly used in prosthetic limbs, particularly in the knee and ankle joints.
Silicone - This material is soft, flexible, and has excellent shock absorption properties. It is commonly used in prosthetic liners and orthotic padding.
Steel - This material is strong, durable, and has good corrosion resistance. It is commonly used in prosthetic limbs, particularly in the knee and ankle joints.
Foam - This material is soft, lightweight, and has excellent shock absorption properties. It is commonly used in orthotic padding and prosthetic liners.
Wood - This material is strong, lightweight, and has good shock absorption properties. It is commonly used in prosthetic limbs, particularly in the foot and ankle sections.
Titanium - This material is strong, lightweight, and has good corrosion resistance. It is commonly used in prosthetic limbs, particularly in the knee and hip joints.

These are just a few of the many materials used in orthotic and prosthetic applications. The choice of material depends on the specific needs of the patient and the function of the device.

Tags : orthotic and prosthetic devices, Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 23, 2023 | Views : 1293 | Downloads : 2

Shareable Url :

Embed Code :

Comment

Transcript

Slide 1-

Images Source: www.pixabay.com To take full advantage of the learning opportunities presented in this resource, Internet access is recommended. Also, view the presentation in “Slide Show” mode. Click on the “Slide Show” tab in your Microsoft PowerPoint tool bar, then click on the “From the Beginning” tab. As an alternative, you may press the F5 key as a shortcut to begin the presentation.
Slide 2-

INTRODUCTION: HOPE Careers Consortium
Slide 3-

OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this Open Educational Resource presentation, you will be able to: Evaluate material variables to determine how best to meet a patient’s need. Compare and contrast open-cell and closed-cell foam structures. Describe the purpose of a durometer scale. Describe the purpose of a Mohs scale. Describe the properties and uses of leather in O&P devices. Explain how leather is measured. Describe the properties and uses of cork in O&P devices. Describe the properties and uses of carbon composites. INTRODUCTION: Objectives Contrast and compare the key properties and uses of common thermoplastics in the O&P field. Compare and contrast the differences between thermoplastic and thermoset. Describe the properties and uses of foams and gels. Describe the properties and uses of textiles. Compare and contrast the differences between metals that are malleable and metals that are ductile. Compare and contrast the attributes of polyester, vinyl ester, and epoxy resins. List protective measures to take when working with chemicals and dust. NOTE: The length of time it will take a learner to complete this self-study resource depends greatly on the learner’s style and pace of learning as well as his / her current understanding of the subject matter. However, an estimate has been made that a learner could thoroughly read and review this material, as well as participate in all self-assessment opportunities, in approximately six hours.
Slide 4-

INTRODUCTION: Course Management Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction MATERIALS for ORTHOTIC and PROSTHETIC APPLICATIONS There was a time when leather, wood, and steel were the primary materials used when designing and fabricating orthotic and prosthetic devices. Not anymore. In the O&P field, thermoplastics and other synthetic materials provide varying combinations of strength, weight, flexibility, and energy return, while composites and metal alloys facilitate lighter, stronger artificial limbs. So, what materials should be selected for any given patient? Factors to consider include the patient’s age, weight, general health, occupation, hobbies and aspirations, where they live (cold or warm climate), and insurance coverage. And because there are so many material choices available and each has its own advantages and disadvantages, decisions must be made to balance material qualities, such as firmness, flexibility, rigidity, adjustability, strength … and so on. This presentation helps to address some of these issues by providing: information about the considerations to make when working with orthotic and prosthetic materials, categories and descriptions of materials used in the O&P industry: natural, synthetic, textiles, and metals, information about the chemicals used in O&P devices, and Helpful, self-assessment sections. For ease in navigation, each tab above is a link to its respective section. Although you can review the material in any order you prefer, we recommend you review the “Decision-Making Tools” section prior to accessing the materials sections. Note: In addition to the review section at the end of the entire presentation, each materials section and the chemicals section includes a link to Quizlet, which enables further self-assessment. Quizlet is a fun and easy online learning resource featuring “STUDY” tools and “PLAY” tools. Visit the site to further your understanding of the information presented here.
Slide 5-

INTRODUCTION: Orthotic and Prosthetic Terms Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction ORTHOTIC DEVICES Orthotic devices include: FO—Foot Orthosis AFO—Ankle Foot Orthosis KAFO—Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis HKAFO—Hip Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis KO—Knee Orthosis HO—Hip Orthosis WHO—Wrist Hand Orthosis EWHO—Elbow Wrist hand Orthosis SEWHO—Shoulder Elbow Wrist Hand Orthosis SO—Sacral Orthosis LSO—Lumbar Sacral Orthosis TLSO—Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis CTLSO—Cervical Thoraco Lumbar Sacral Orthosis PROSTHESIS TYPES Types of prostheses include: TM—Transmetatarsal Amputation AD—Ankle Disarticulation TT—Transtibial TF—Transfemoral HD—Hip Disarticulation HP—Hemipelvectomy WD—Wrist Disarticulation TR—Transradial ED—Elbow Disarticulation TH—Transhumeral SD—Shoulder Disarticulation IT—Interscapulo Thoracic
Slide 6-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction INDEX Acetal Acrylic Acrylic Resin Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Aliplast® Aluminum Aramid Basalt Braid Bidirectional Carbon Fiber Birko Cork Carbon Carbon Composites Carbon Fiber Carbon Fiber Braid Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic/Polymer (CFRP) Carboplast® Closed-Cell Foam Collagen Compressive Strength Co-Polymer Copper Corium Cork Cork Compounds Cushion Cork Dacron Felt Dacron Strap Ductility Durometer Elasti-CorkTM Epoxy Resin Ethyl Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Evazote® Fiberglass Fiberglass Tapes and Sleeves Foams Gels Impact Strength Iron Kevlar® KorexTM Kydex® Lamination Lay-Up Leather Malleability Microcel Puff® Mohs Scale of Hardness Molding Temperature MulticorkTM Neoprene Nickelplast-S Nyglass Stockinette Nylon Nylon Stockinette Open-Cell Foam OrtholenTM Orthoplast® P-CellTM PPT® Pe-Lite® Perlon Stockinette Plastazote® Polycarbonate Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) Polyester Resin Polyethylene Polyethylene Foam Polymer Polypropylene Polyurethane Polyurethane Foam Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Poron® Pre-Preg Proflex Proflex with Silicone Resins Rubber Silicone Spenco® Stainless Steel Styrene SubOrtholen® Surlyn® TL-2100 Tensile Strength Thermo CorkTM Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE) Thermoplastics Thermoset ThermoSKY® Titanium Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Velcro® Vivak® Yield Strength Note: Registered trademark information can be found at the conclusion of this presentation. Below is a list of terms/product names used in the O&P field as they relate to materials. Each word links to a section within this document where the word is referenced or defined. Terms/product names mentioned multiple times will link to the section where they have the most application.
Slide 7-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction DECISION-MAKING TOOLS DECISION-MAKING TOOLS
Slide 8-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction DECISION-MAKING TOOLS: Overview Materials: Design and Structure Considerations MATERIAL VARIABLES MEASUREMENT (Conversion) OPEN- vs. CLOSED- CELL FOAMS TEMPERATURE (Conversion) DUROMETER SCALE MOHS SCALE THERMOSET vs. THERMOPLASTIC Here you will find links to information O&P professionals utilize when considering their material options. For ease in navigation, each area noted below links to its respective section. Review the sections in any order you prefer.
Slide 9-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction DECISION-MAKING TOOLS: Material Variables Here are variables O&P professionals consider when determining their selection of materials. Note: Additional variables continue on the following slides. MATERIAL VARIABLES: Strength Density Durability Hardness Stiffness Thickness Molding Temperature Corrosion Resistance Grindability Sheet Size Malleability Ductility Lamination OPEN- vs. CLOSED- CELL FOAMS DUROMETER SCALE MOHS SCALE THERMOSET VS. THERMOPLASTIC CONVERSION CHARTS: Temperature Measurement Z
Slide 10-

DECISION-MAKING TOOLS: Material Variables Note: Additional variables continue on the following slide. MATERIAL VARIABLES: Strength Density Durability Hardness Stiffness Thickness Molding Temperature Corrosion Resistance Grindability Sheet Size Malleability Ductility Lamination OPEN- vs. CLOSED- CELL FOAMS DUROMETER SCALE MOHS SCALE THERMOSET VS. THERMOPLASTIC CONVERSION CHARTS: Temperature Measurement Z
Slide 11-

DECISION-MAKING TOOLS: Material Variables MATERIAL VARIABLES: Strength Density Durability Hardness Stiffness Thickness Molding Temperature Corrosion Resistance Grindability Sheet Size Malleability Ductility Lamination OPEN- vs. CLOSED- CELL FOAMS DUROMETER SCALE MOHS SCALE THERMOSET VS. THERMOPLASTIC CONVERSION CHARTS: Temperature Measurement Z
Slide 12-

DECISION-MAKING TOOLS: Open- vs. Closed-Cell Foams Foamed thermoplastics are formed by forcing nitrogen or some other gas into the plastic during heating. They can be open-cell or closed-cell structures. Below is a chart that provides an overview of the key differences in the two types of cell foams. MATERIAL VARIABLES: Strength Density Durability Hardness Stiffness Thickness Molding Temperature Corrosion Resistance Grindability Sheet Size Malleability Ductility Lamination OPEN- vs. CLOSED- CELL FOAMS DUROMETER SCALE MOHS SCALE THERMOSET VS. THERMOPLASTIC CONVERSION CHARTS: Temperature Measurement Z
Slide 13-

DECISION-MAKING TOOLS: Durometer Scales of Hardness Note: Additional durometer information follows on the next slide. MATERIAL VARIABLES: Strength Density Durability Hardness Stiffness Thickness Molding Temperature Corrosion Resistance Grindability Sheet Size Malleability Ductility Lamination OPEN- vs. CLOSED- CELL FOAMS DUROMETER SCALE MOHS SCALE THERMOSET VS. THERMOPLASTIC CONVERSION CHARTS: Temperature Measurement Z THE DUROMETER The purpose of a durometer is to identify the hardness of materials—specifically, polymers, elastomers, and rubbers. It helps determine the material’s resistance to permanent indentation. The durometer is both a measurement as well as the gauge instrument used to determine the measurement. Albert Shore defined and developed hardness durometer scales—the three most common being Shore 00, Shore A, and Shore D. The points on the presser foot of the gauges get progressively sharper, from Shore 00 to Shore A to Shore D. Durometer readings should: Have a minimum thickness of ¼ inch Be measured parallel to the surface Be measured within one second of pressing down with the gauge
Slide 14-

DECISION-MAKING TOOLS: Durometer Scales of Hardness Here is a snapshot of how Shore scales overlap when identifying the hardness of various materials. All values, ranges, and item examples are approximate and should be used as a general guide only. MATERIAL VARIABLES: Strength Density Durability Hardness Stiffness Thickness Molding Temperature Corrosion Resistance Grindability Sheet Size Malleability Ductility Lamination OPEN- vs. CLOSED- CELL FOAMS DUROMETER SCALE MOHS SCALE THERMOSET VS. THERMOPLASTIC CONVERSION CHARTS: Temperature Measurement Z
Slide 15-

DECISION-MAKING TOOLS: Mohs Scale The Mohs scale ranks materials—specifically, minerals, gemstones, and metals—on their hardness. The scale was developed by the German geologist Friedrich Mohs. He used a simple guide of scratch resistance to determine the hardness grade of each material—that is, which materials will scratch other materials, and which materials can get scratched by other materials. The scale is considered to be relative in nature and somewhat imprecise yet highly useful. Referring to the scale to the right, zirconium can be scratched by all the materials that have a higher Mohs grade (such as glass, emerald, and diamond). Zirconium, in turn, scratch all the materials with a lower Mohs grade (such as nickel, platinum, and silver.) Here is an example of a Mohs scale. Many variations of the Mohs scale exist. The Mohs scale provides grades based on a material’s pure state; it assumes no other substances have been added. MATERIAL VARIABLES: Strength Density Durability Hardness Stiffness Thickness Molding Temperature Corrosion Resistance Grindability Sheet Size Malleability Ductility Lamination OPEN- vs. CLOSED- CELL FOAMS DUROMETER SCALE MOHS SCALE THERMOSET VS. THERMOPLASTIC CONVERSION CHARTS: Temperature Measurement Z
Slide 16-

DECISION-MAKING TOOLS: Thermoset vs. Thermoplastic THERMOSET PROCESS Chemical bonding takes place. Polymers form an irreversible chemical bond when heated. The material will not re-melt when heat is applied. Materials are heat and deformation resistant, and tend to be strong and brittle. THERMOPLASTIC PROCESS No chemical bonding takes place. Polymers soften when heated but can be remolded and recycled without affecting the material’s properties. Materials tend to be high strength, shrink resistant, chemical resistant, and easily bendable. VS. Plastics tend to fall into one of two categories: thermosetting plastics or thermoplastics. Below is an overview of the two types. MATERIAL VARIABLES: Strength Density Durability Hardness Stiffness Thickness Molding Temperature Corrosion Resistance Grindability Sheet Size Malleability Ductility Lamination OPEN- vs. CLOSED- CELL FOAMS DUROMETER SCALE MOHS SCALE THERMOSET VS. THERMOPLASTIC CONVERSION CHARTS: Temperature Measurement Z
Slide 17-

DECISION-MAKING TOOLS: Temperature Conversion Chart Working with orthotic and prosthetic materials requires an understanding of the relationship between Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures. Below are formulas for converting between the two types of temperatures. Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius. 1. Take the Fahrenheit temperature and subtract 32. 2. Multiply that number by 5/9 (or .555). For example, to convert 95 degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 from 95, which is 63. Multiply 63 times .555. The answer is 34.965. The Celsius equivalent is 35. Converting Celsius to Fahrenheit. 1. Take the Celsius temperature and multiply by 9/5 (or 1.8). 2. Add 32 to that number. For example, to convert 50 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply 50 times 1.8, which is 90. Add 90 plus 32. The answer is 122. The Fahrenheit equivalent is 122. MATERIAL VARIABLES: Strength Density Durability Hardness Stiffness Thickness Molding Temperature Corrosion Resistance Grindability Sheet Size Malleability Ductility Lamination OPEN- vs. CLOSED- CELL FOAMS DUROMETER SCALE MOHS SCALE THERMOSET VS. THERMOPLASTIC CONVERSION CHARTS: Temperature Measurement Z Use this helpful chart as a quick reference guide.
Slide 18-

DECISION-MAKING TOOLS: Measurement Conversion Chart Use this helpful chart as a quick reference guide when determining the size, thickness, and density of materials. MATERIAL VARIABLES: Strength Density Durability Hardness Stiffness Thickness Molding Temperature Corrosion Resistance Grindability Sheet Size Malleability Ductility Lamination OPEN- vs. CLOSED- CELL FOAMS DUROMETER SCALE MOHS SCALE THERMOSET VS. THERMOPLASTIC CONVERSION CHARTS: Temperature Measurement Z
Slide 19-

NATURAL MATERIALS NATURAL MATERIALS
Slide 20-

NATURAL MATERIALS: Overview This diagram provides an overview of how leather and cork, both natural materials, are categorized in terms of firmness and flexibility. Leather can be used either as a functional or an accommodative material, depending on what casting techniques and other materials are used. Cork, a subset of bark tissue, is lightweight, resilient, and shock absorbent. Cork Compounds can be comprised of liquid latex (a type of rubber), nylon, wood, leather shavings, or other materials. Each combination produces a different material with different properties and different uses. NATURAL MATERIALS OVERVIEW
Slide 21-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction NATURAL MATERIALS: Leather Leather Once processed, which includes the steps of pre-tanning, tanning, and finishing, leather provides some highly beneficial properties. Specifically, it is: Firm Water repellent Fast and soft drying Flexible Durable Non-compressible and Breathable Because it provides both shock absorption and control, leather orthotic devices can help control excessive pronatory forces while limiting excessive vertical stress. For custom orthoses, leather can be used as top and bottom covers. Other uses for leather in the O&P field include: The lining of straps Thigh lacer suspensions T-straps (correction straps) Patellar suspension cuffs Knee disarticulate sockets Ankle gauntlets and Wrist-hand orthoses As with all materials, however, leather does have its drawbacks. Leather devices can be more bulky than thermoplastic/synthetic devices. And while leather has a low-water absorption, it does not hold up well under repeated soaking.
Slide 22-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction NATURAL MATERIALS: Leather LEATHER BASICS Complex Structure: Corium and Collagen Multi-directional layers of fibers Layers Upper: Grain Bottom: Flesh Side Center/Inner Layer: Corium (Core) The corium consists of small woven, twisted fibers that join together. The collagen molecules are long and spiral-like. Together, they can produce a soft, flexible, breathable, tough material. The hide is cut down the spine to make two sides of leather. NOTE: “Hide” typically refers to the skin of a large animal while “skin” refers to the skin of a small animal. The “Bend”: Considered the best part of the hide because of its thickness and firmness. MEASURING LEATHER Measured in square feet and ounces Thickness: In ounces One ounce = 1/64th of an inch 1 oz. = .75 irons = 1/64 inch = .41 mm 2 oz. = 1.50 irons = 1/32 inch = .78 mm 8 oz. = 6 irons = 1/8 inch = 3.18 mm 16 oz. = 12 irons = 1/4 inch = 6.36 mm Video: How It’s Made—Leather Image Source: www.pixabay.com
Slide 23-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction NATURAL MATERIALS: Cork Cork Cork is a natural, renewable substance. It is harvested from the bark of cork Oak trees, which are found primarily in southwestern Europe and northwestern Africa. The trees are unharmed by the harvesting process. One of its key components is suberin, a waterproof, waxy substance. This helps make it buoyant, elastic, and fire retardant. Also noteworthy is that cork has a honeycomb-like structure that consists largely of empty spaces. Plus, its density (weight per unit of volume) is one-fourth that of water. These characteristics make cork a highly effective cushioning material. It is also recognized as being flexible and highly resilient. For orthotic devices, cork is often combined with other substances, including rubber, nylon, and thermoplastics. Image Source: www.pixabay.com
Slide 24-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction NATURAL MATERIALS: Cork Below are six cork-based products used in manufacturing custom orthotic devices, along with characteristics and properties of each. This list is a representation of materials available to O&P professionals and is not intended to be comprehensive in nature.
Slide 25-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction NATURAL MATERIALS: Review Visit Quizlet to test your knowledge of Natural Materials. Click on the link below. LINK to QUIZLET: NATURAL MATERIALS O&P Once on the site, click on “Test Your Knowledge: Natural Materials O&P.” You will see a list of words/terms and their associated meanings. Give the list a quick review. Choose any or all of the “Study” tools and “Play” tools listed at the top of the page. Test your knowledge in multiple ways, including flashcards, formal tests, spelling, and timed games. Note: With the test option, you can re-format in multiple ways and take as many times as you like. When finished, return to this presentation for more Materials information.
Slide 26-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction SYNTHETIC MATERIALS SYNTHETIC MATERIALS
Slide 27-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: Overview SYNTHETIC MATERIALS OVERVIEW Materials for GREATER Firmness Materials for GREATER Flexibility This diagram provides an overview of how synthetic materials are categorized in terms of firmness and flexibility. Carbon composites and some plastics are rigid materials designed to control function. Plastics can also be semi-rigid, often constructed by using layers of softer material that are reinforced with more rigid materials. Foams, Ethyl Vinyl Acetates (EVAs), and gels are softer materials designed to provide a higher degree of accommodation and flexibility. These materials are more shock absorbent and help minimize pressure. Note: The softness or rigidness of all materials can vary based on such factors as their thickness or number and types of layers used.
Slide 28-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: Carbon Composites Carbon fiber reinforced plastic/polymer (CFRP) occurs when carbon fiber bonds with a resin system—usually epoxy or acrylic. The resin works with the carbon fibers to form a “weave” in a geometric arrangement. The chemical bond created by carbon atoms in the resin matrix produce a material that is strong and stiff. If the orthotic or prosthetic device needs to have a strong strength-to-weight ratio, carbon fiber is a great option. For prostheses, these composites can be used for socket reinforcements, transtibial (TT) and transfemoral (TF) sockets, and Symes and Knee Disarticulation Prostheses. For orthotic devices, these composites work well for people who are highly active, overweight, or need specialized orthotic designs. A composite material is a combination of two or more materials that, while retaining their respective identities, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. The plastic material that surrounds fiber reinforcement is referred to as the matrix. The primary purpose of fibers in a composite is to provide strength and stiffness, but the fiber alone can be brittle—for example, glass. Two basic types of high-strength fiber reinforcements used in prosthetics are glass and carbon. Fiberglass reinforced plastic/polymer (FRP) is commonly referred to as simply fiberglass. It is comprised of fibers and a polymer matrix. The matrix contributes to the material’s strength. Reinforcement of the matrix occurs when the FRP becomes stronger or more elastic as compared to its original strength and elasticity.
Slide 29-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: Carbon Composites Heavier than Carbon and Kevlar. Most economical and most common composite. Easy to saturate with resin. Easy to obtain. Durable and flexible. Twice as strong under compression then tension. 2.56g Density 620ksi Tensile Strength Lightest and most expensive composite. Excellent resistance to fracture under impact. Resistant to chemicals; difficult to saturate with resin. Very poor in maintaining structure or form under load. Five times as strong under compression than tension. 1.44g Density 400ksi Tensile Strength Almost as light as Kevlar®. Very stiff and able to hold its shape under stress. Strong under tension and compression. Carbon fibers create stiffness and brittleness. Poor resistance to impact. 1.79g Density 800ksi Tensile Strength FIBERGLASS CARBON ARAMID (KEVLAR®) A Carbon-Fiberglass BLEND results in a material that is stiff and lightweight (Carbon) as well as flexible and durable (Fiberglass). A Carbon-Kevlar BLEND results in a material that is light and stiff (Carbon) as well as light and impact /torque resistant (Kevlar). Reinforced composites should be lightweight, durable, flexible, stiff, and strong under both tension and compression. Contrast and compare the key characteristics of the materials below.
Slide 30-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: Carbon Composites Below is additional information about carbon composites/products and the fiber reinforcement process. FIBER All the available strength and characteristics of a composite fiber are displayed and produced only along the length of the fiber. Fiber comes in two weaves: unidirectional and bidirectional. With unidirectional, all fibers are parallel. In bidirectional, fibers cross at a 90-degree angle. The weave and angle used will determine the material’s strength, flexibility, and best uses. For example, a bidirectional carbon-fiber weave aligned 45 degrees to the line of progression will produce great flexibility and could be used in a device that needs low resistance. “PRE-PREG” “Pre-preg” or “pre-preg carbon” refers to composite fabrics that have been pre-impregnated by the manufacturer with thermosetting curable resin. The resin can be polyester, epoxy, or some type of glue. Epoxy is the most common. The amount and type of resin used is based on the customer’s specifications, ensuring the right amount of fiber to resin. Pre-preg composites tend to be more expensive than thermoplastic sheet materials. It is available in unidirectional and bidirectional carbon fiber weaves. TL-2100 TL-2100 is a thermoplastic acrylic-carbon fiber composite laminate. It is thin, lightweight, strong, heat adjustable, and available in various thicknesses and rigidities. CARBOPLAST® Carboplast® products use high-strength carbon and glass fibers. It is considered to be more flexible than TL 2100. It is available in various thicknesses and rigidities.
Slide 31-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: Thermoplastics Thermoplastics are plastic materials (polymers) that soften when heated and harden when cooled. They can be remolded and reshaped to accommodate changes or pressure areas. Thermoplastics provide many benefits because they are lightweight, durable, easy to fabricate, water resistant, easily adjustable, and recyclable. Typically sold in sheets, thermoplastics are available in many thicknesses, strengths, colors, and finishes. Following is a list of the types of thermoplastics. Within each group of plastics, different levels of performance are available. Acrylic Polyethylene (PE)—typically categorized by their densities: Low density (LDPE) Medium density (MDPE) High density (HDPE) Ultra-high density (UHMWPE) Polypropylene (PP)—one of the most rigid thermoplastics Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Co-polymer—a blend of polypropylene and 5% to 10% of LDPE Polystyrene Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Nylon Polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG) and Proflex/Proflex with Silicone Key attributes to consider when selecting or comparing thermoplastics include: Sheet size Sheet thickness Surface type Degree of flexibility Degree of rigidity Strength (also referred to as impact strength) Color and Heating (or forming or molding) temperature
Slide 32-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: Thermoplastics Below is an overview of thermoplastic materials/products commonly used in the O&P field, along with some of their key attributes.
Slide 33-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: Thermoplastics Contrast and compare the key properties of the thermoplastic materials/products listed below. * Always check the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Slide 34-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: Thermoplastics Below is a guide showing which thermoplastics are commonly used in O&P devices as they relate to the human body. HEAD and FACE DEVICES: Polypropylene, Co-polymer, PETG, Polycarbonate NECK and SPINE DEVICES: Polypropylene, Co-polymer, Modified Polyethylene UPPER BODY DEVICES: Polypropylene, Co-polymer, LDPE, HDPE, Modified Polyethylene, Kydex®, ABS UPPER LIMB DEVICES: Polypropylene, Co-polymer, LDPE, HDPE, PETG, Proflex, Orthoplast®, Proflex with Silicone LOWER BODY DEVICES: Polypropylene, Co-polymer, LDPE, HDPE, Modified Polyethylene, Kydex®, ABS KNEE DEVICES: Polypropylene, Co-polymer ANKLE and FOOT DEVICES: Polypropylene, Co-polymer HDPE, TPE, Acrylic, Acetal LOWER LIMB DEVICES: Polypropylene, Co-polymer, HDPE, TPE, PETG, Proflex, Proflex with Silicone Image Source: www.pixabay.com
Slide 35-

SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: Foams and Gels Foams have multiple uses with foot orthoses: Top layers may consist of soft, compressible foam, such as neoprene; they make an orthotic device comfortable and can extend the life of the material. Middle layers often feature polyurethane foams because they are durable, cushioning materials. Bottom layers can comprise firmer, non-compressible materials, such as cork, dense foam, or thin plastic. Foams are categorized as either open-cell or closed-cell and are typically polyurethane, polyethylene, and/or ethyl vinyl acetates (EVAs). The softness or rigidness of a material can vary based on factors, such as its thickness and the number of layers used. Plastazote®, for example, is a polyethylene, closed-cell foam and is considered a “soft” material when a single layer is used. It would be considered more rigid if laminated, multiple layers were used. A variety of gel elastomers (natural or synthetic polymers having elastic properties), such as composite gels, thermoplastic gels, polyurethane gels, and silicone gels, provides pressure relief and shock absorption. Silicones are classified as fluids, elastomers, or resins. Common uses for silicones in prosthetic devices include distal end pads in sockets, and silicone gel inserts. Gel liners conform to the bony prominence of the residual limb and are used to provide comfort and protection. The softer, more supportive and protective devices help to absorb shock, minimize pressure, and improve desirable load-bearing. Devices designed to reach these goals use foam and gel materials. Firmer foams are supportive in nature while the more flexible/compressible foams are more protective.
Slide 36-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: Foams and Gels Below is an overview of the types of synthetic materials/foams used in the O&P field. Within each group, different levels of performance are available. POLYURETHANE (PU) FOAMS Dense, open-cell, thermosetting structures that do not conform to the shape of the foot. PU foams experience little to no compression over time. PU foams are available in three groups: flexible, rigid, and elastomers Memory foam, Poron®, Poron® Medical, and PPT® are examples of PU foams Commonly used in the O&P field for arch support and high-impact applications. POLYETHYLENE (PE) FOAMS Closed-cell, chemically cross-linked structures that are lightweight, strong, durable, and excellent shock and moisture absorbers. Some are subject to compression with continued wear. PE foams are available in varying sheet sizes, densities, thicknesses, and colors PE foams are known by such trade names as Plastazote®, Pe-Lite®, and Aliplast® Commonly used in the O&P field for total-contact orthoses. ETHYL VINYL ACETATES (EVAs) Closed-cell co-polymer (ethylene and vinyl acetate) structures that are lightweight, flexible, and shock absorbent. They tend to compress over time. They are softer and more resilient than PE foams. EVAs are available in a variety of durometers and thicknesses EVAs are known by such trade names as Evazote®, Microcel Puff®, and ThermoSKY® Commonly used in the O&P field for insoles, top and bottom covers, wedges, cushioning material, and shell material for accommodative and functional orthoses.
Slide 37-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: Foams and Gels Below is an overview of foam materials/products commonly used in the O&P field, along with some of their key attributes and uses. Note: Many products share the same or similar characteristics and compete under different trade names. Additional materials / products continue on the following slide.
Slide 38-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: Foams and Gels Below is a continuation of an overview of foam materials/products commonly used in the O&P field, along with some of their key attributes and uses. Note: Many products share the same or similar characteristics and compete under different trade names.
Slide 39-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: Foams and Gels The key information needed to select foam materials includes the durometer, sheet size, composition, molding temperature, grindability, colors, and uses. Below is an example of how this information is typically presented in an O&P materials catalog. Image Source: www.pixabay.com
Slide 40-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: Review Visit Quizlet to test your knowledge of Synthetic Materials. Click on the link below. LINK to QUIZLET: SYNTHETIC MATERIALS O&P Once on the site, click on “Test Your Knowledge: Synthetic Materials O&P.” You will see a list of words/terms and their associated meanings. Give the list a quick review. Choose any or all of the “Study” tools and “Play” tools listed at the top of the page. Test your knowledge in multiple ways, including flashcards, formal tests, spelling, and timed games. Note: With the test option, you can re-format in multiple ways and take as many times as you like. When finished, return to this presentation for more Materials information.
Slide 41-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction TEXTILES TEXTILES
Slide 42-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction TEXTILES: Overview Textiles have numerous uses within the O&P field. The lamination process for orthoses and prostheses, for example, involves the saturation of reinforcement textiles with a resin. A reinforcement textile is a fabric/fiber, such as fiberglass, nylon, cotton, Dacron, carbon, and Kevlar, used to provide strength. The strength of the laminate is determined by the material properties of the fiber and the resin. Important properties to consider include: Stress Strain Stiffness (Young’s Modulus) Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) Yield strength Brittleness and Ductility Video: How Is Your Prosthesis Made? The “lay-up” process includes: Sealing the model (PVA bag, cellulose acetate) Layering the textiles Applying the outer PVA bag Saturating the textiles with resin and hardener under vacuum Curing
Slide 43-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction TEXTILES: Terms “What Is …” LAY-UP: Materials AND a Process. The combination of all textiles placed in position over the model. The process of placing successive layers of reinforcing materials in position in the model. ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH (UTS): The maximum force applied before a fiber breaks. YOUNG’S MODULUS: The measure of the stiffness of a solid material.
Slide 44-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction TEXTILES: Nylon, Fibers, Braids, Felt, Velcro Below are examples of textiles/products commonly used in the O&P field, along with some of their key attributes and uses.
Slide 45-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction TEXTILES: Review Visit Quizlet to test your knowledge of Textiles. Click on the link below. LINK to QUIZLET: TEXTILES O&P Once on the site, click on “Test Your Knowledge: Textiles O&P.” You will see a list of words/terms and their associated meanings. Give the list a quick review. Choose any or all of the “Study” tools and “Play” tools listed at the top of the page. Test your knowledge in multiple ways, including flashcards, formal tests, spelling, and timed games. Note: With the test option, you can re-format in multiple ways and take as many times as you like. When finished, return to this presentation for more Materials information.
Slide 46-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction METALS METALS
Slide 47-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction METALS: Overview Metals are used in the O&P field in many ways: For prosthetic devices, which replace parts of the body For orthotic devices, which augment and/or support parts of the body. With the exception of mercury, a liquid element, metals are solids at room temperature and typically have high melting points and high density. They have good electrical and thermal conductivity. One key characteristic of metals is their ability to be deformed without immediately breaking. Alternatives to metals include composite materials because they are strong, lightweight and often less expensive than some metals. Key attributes to consider when selecting or comparing metals for O&P devices include: Strength—compressive, tensile, and yield Stiffness Hardness—can be determined in relative terms through use of the Mohs scale Resistance to fatigue Density Bio-compatibility Resistance to corrosion Ease of fabrication and Cost Examples of specific considerations include: The amount of weight the device has to support—For lower-body prostheses and orthoses, the metals need to have a good resistance to fatigue. The control needed—For devices that need more control, lower density is important. Fatigue—Devices for the lower extremity must be resistant to repetitive loading. Video: Physical Properties of Metals: Tensile Strength, Impact Strength, Malleability, Ductility, Melting Point
Slide 48-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction METALS: Malleability vs. Ductility VS. MALLEABILITY The property of a metal that enables it to be hammered, bent, pressed, or rolled into sheets without breaking Provides information about a metal’s compressive strength Measures how much pressure the metal can withstand without breaking Malleable metals include but are not limited to gold, silver, aluminum, and copper. DUCTILITY The property of a metal that enables it to stretch without damage Provides information about a metal’s tension strength Measures how much strain a metal can withstand before failing Ductile metals include but are not limited to gold, silver, platinum, copper, and iron. CAN BE BEATEN INTO SHEETS CAN BE STRETCHED INTO WIRES Metals are often evaluated based on their malleability and ductility.
Slide 49-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction METALS: Steel, Aluminum, Titanium, Copper STAINLESS STEEL A steel alloy that contains 12% or more of chromium Martensitic stainless steel is used in the O&P field because it can be hardened by a heat treatment High degree of stiffness High resistance to corrosion Typical applications: Joints, support uprights, washers, fasteners, rivets, screws COPPER Pure copper is soft; two alloys are bronze and brass Copper alloys become stronger and more ductile as temperature goes down Malleable and ductile Good resistance to atmospheric corrosion More dense than aluminum One of the best electrical conductors of all metals Typical applications: rivets, screws, burrs TITANIUM Ti-6AI-4v most common alloy used Stronger than aluminum Comparable in strength of stainless steel but 60% lighter Very high resistance to corrosion Difficult to fabricate More expensive than aluminum and stainless steel Typical applications: replacement joints, artificial limbs, implants, adapters, connectors, rotating bases ALUMINUM The most abundant element in the earth’s crust Lightweight, highly conductive, non-toxic Can be easily machined Higher strength-to-weight ratio than steel Low resistance to fatigue Susceptible to corrosion from body fluids Typical applications: Strengthening supports and other structures, rivets, screws Below is an overview of four metals commonly used in the O&P field.
Slide 50-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction METALS: Review Visit Quizlet to test your knowledge of Metals. Click on the link below. LINK to QUIZLET: METALS O&P Once on the site, click on “Test Your Knowledge: Metals O&P.” You will see a list of words/terms and their associated meanings. Give the list a quick review. Choose any or all of the “Study” tools and “Play” tools listed at the top of the page. Test your knowledge in multiple ways, including flashcards, formal tests, spelling, and timed games. Note: With the test option, you can re-format in multiple ways and take as many times as you like. When finished, return to this presentation for more Materials information.
Slide 51-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction CHEMICALS CHEMICALS
Slide 52-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction CHEMICALS: Styrene, Acetone, Toluene, MEK When choosing chemicals, weigh the advantages and disadvantage of each, and try to use the least hazardous whenever possible. Below is an overview of commonly used chemicals in the O&P field. Images Source: Wikimedia Commons
Slide 53-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction CHEMICALS: Resins POLYESTER RESINS Thermosetting unsaturated synthetic resins combined with hardeners. Contains approximately 60% polyester and 40% styrene. Fractures easily; lacks durability: best suited for lighter-weight objects. Compatible only with fiberglass materials—limited use for lamination, seaming, and repairing. Not water resistant. Poor adhesion. High shrinkage. Shorter cure time than epoxy resins. Less expensive than epoxy resins. EPOXY RESINS Thermosetting polymer combined with hardeners. Also known as a polyepoxide. High tension strength. Greater flexibility than polyester resins. Better than polyester resins for high-strength bonding. Does not contain styrene. Reinforces glass and carbon materials. Very little shrinkage. Able to bond dissimilar and already cured material. Longer cure time than polyester resins. More expensive than acrylic resins and polyester resins. Below is an overview of three types of thermosetting resins commonly used in the O&P field. Attributes to consider when comparing and selecting resins to use in any given situation include ease of use, cost, degree of possible toxicity, strength and flexibility, degree of adhesion, shrinkage, cure time, and shelf life. ACRYLIC RESINS Produced from methyl methacrylate (MMA) and dissolved polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Hardness can be adjusted for various applications. More water resistant than polyester resins. Bonds to core materials better than polyester resins. Shrinks less than polyester resins on curing. More expensive than polyester resins; less expensive than epoxy resins. VS. VS.
Slide 54-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction CHEMICALS: Dust Particles DUST PARTICLES IN THE WORKPLACE Images Source: www.pixabay.com
Slide 55-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction CHEMICALS: Protection TYPES OF PROTECTION FROM CHEMICALS AND DUST: Rubber or plastic gloves and sleeves protect against heat and abrasion. Consider a heat insulating terrycloth or leather glove. Simple protective glasses can protect against flying dust and small particles. A face shield provides additional coverage and may be necessary when dealing with caustic fluids. Proper ventilation can dramatically control the amount of dust and other particles in and around a work area. A filtration mask/device may be necessary when working close to the source of dust or chemical. Wash hands thoroughly at the end of each activity and prior to eating and drinking. Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing to protect hands, eyes, and the face. Remove/replace any work clothing that becomes contaminated or wet from flammable liquids. Work in a properly ventilated environment. Keep Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) available in case of emergencies. They provide a wide range of information, including first aid treatment, reactive elements, and fire fighting measures. GOOD ADVICE! Image Source: www.pixabay.com
Slide 56-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction CHEMICALS: Review Visit Quizlet to test your knowledge of Chemicals. Click on the link below. LINK to QUIZLET: CHEMICALS O&P Once on the site, click on “Test Your Knowledge: Chemicals O&P.” You will see a list of words/terms and their associated meanings. Give the list a quick review. Choose any or all of the “Study” tools and “Play” tools listed at the top of the page. Test your knowledge in multiple ways, including flashcards, formal tests, spelling, and timed games. Note: With the test option, you can re-format in multiple ways and take as many times as you like. When finished, return to this presentation for more Materials information.
Slide 57-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW REVIEW Use the following Review Section to test and apply your knowledge. The self-assessment included in this section features multiple-choice questions that cover subject matter from the entire presentation. Read the question. Click on the answer that most accurately reflects the correct response. If the answer is correct, continue the self-assessment by clicking on the “RETURN TO THE QUIZ” link. Then, click on the forward arrow. If the answer is incorrect, the correct answer will be provided. Continue the self-assessment by clicking on the forward arrow. Use the back arrow anytime to re-visit previous questions.
Slide 58-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW 1. Which one of the following represents an example of a soft material that might be used in the fabrication of a foot orthosis? Carbon fiber Polypropylene Open-cell polyurethane foam Polyester resins
Slide 59-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW SORRY … THAT’S INCORRECT. Which one of the following represents an example of a soft material that might be used in the fabrication of a foot orthosis? The correct answer is: open-cell polyurethane foam
Slide 60-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW 2. The process wherein polymers form an irreversible chemical bond when heated and the material cannot be remolded or reshaped is called: Thermoplastic Thermoset Young’s modulus Pre-preg
Slide 61-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW SORRY … THAT’S INCORRECT. The process wherein polymers form an irreversible chemical bond when heated and the material cannot be remolded or reshaped is called: The correct answer is: thermoset
Slide 62-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW 3. The property of a metal that enables it to be hammered, bent, pressed, or rolled into sheets without breaking is: Ductility Grindability Malleability Durability
Slide 63-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW SORRY … THAT’S INCORRECT. The property of a metal that enables it to be hammered, bent, pressed, or rolled into sheets without breaking is: The correct answer is: malleability
Slide 64-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW 4. Plastazote, Pe-Lite, and Aliplast are examples of: Polyester resins Carbon fiber reinforced plastics Open-cell thermosetting foams Polyethylene foams
Slide 65-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW SORRY … THAT’S INCORRECT. Plastazote, Pe-Lite, and Aliplast are examples of: The correct answer is: polyethylene foams
Slide 66-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW 5. Acetone and toluene are both: Chemical solvents Steel alloys Polyester resins Lamination materials
Slide 67-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW SORRY … THAT’S INCORRECT. Acetone and toluene are both: The correct answer is: chemical solvents
Slide 68-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW 6. Foamed thermoplastics are formed by forcing nitrogen or some other gas into the plastic during heating. They can be: Malleable or ductile Open-cell or closed-cell Natural or synthetic Dense or durable
Slide 69-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW SORRY … THAT’S INCORRECT. Foamed thermoplastics are formed by forcing nitrogen or some other gas into the plastic during heating. They can be: The correct answer is: open-cell or closed-cell
Slide 70-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW 7. Density can be calculated: As the load divided by deformation Using the Mohs scale Using a durometer As the material’s weight per unit of volume
Slide 71-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW SORRY … THAT’S INCORRECT. Density can be calculated: The correct answer is: as the material’s weight per unit of volume
Slide 72-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW 8. The tool that helps determine a material’s resistance to permanent indentation is the: Mohs scale Iron Durometer Laminator
Slide 73-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW SORRY … THAT’S INCORRECT. The tool that helps determine a material’s resistance to permanent indentation is the: The correct answer is: durometer
Slide 74-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW 9. The process of placing successive layers of reinforcing materials in position in the model is called: Young’s modulus Lay-up Pre-preg Thermosetting
Slide 75-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW SORRY … THAT’S INCORRECT. The process of placing successive layers of reinforcing materials in position in the model is called: The correct answer is: lay-up.
Slide 76-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW 10. In the lamination process, reinforcement textiles are fabric / fibers used to provide: strength comfort weight tension
Slide 77-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW SORRY … THAT’S INCORRECT. The process of placing successive layers of reinforcing materials in position in the model is called: The correct answer is: strength.
Slide 78-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW THAT’S CORRECT! CLICK HERE TO RETURN TO THE QUIZ.
Slide 79-

Index Decision-Making Tools Natural Materials Synthetic Materials Textiles Metals Chemicals Review Introduction REVIEW Aliplast is a registered trademark of Alimed. Carboplast is a registered trademark of Aetrex Worldwide, Inc. Dacron is a registered trademark of DuPont. ElastiCork is a registered trademark of Acor Orthopaedic, Inc. Evazote is a registered trademark of Zotefoams, Inc. Kevlar is a registered trademark of DuPont. Kydex is a registered trademark of Kydex LLC. Microcel Puff is a registered trademark of Acor Orthopaedic, Inc. Multicork is a registered trademark of Acor Orthopaedic, Inc. Ortholen is a registered trademark of Teufel Orthopedic / Wilhelm Julius Teufel. Perlon is a registered trademark of Perlon-Monofil GMBH Although the authoring institution of this educational resource has made every effort to ensure that the information presented is correct, the institution assumes no liability to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions. PPT is a registered trademark of Langer Biomechanics Group, Inc. P-Cell is a registered trademark of Acor Orthopaedic, Inc. Pe-Lite is a registered trademark of Fillauer, LLC. Plastazote is a registered trademark of Zotefoams, Inc. Poron is a registered trademark of Rogers Corporation. Spenco is a registered trademark of Spenco Medical Corporation. SubOrtholen is a registered trademark of Teufel Orthopedic. Surlyn is a registered trademark of DuPont. Thermo Cork is a registered trademark of Aetrex Worldwide, Inc. ThermoSKY is a registered trademark Aetrex Worldwide, Inc. Velcro is a registered trademark of Velcro Industries B.V. VIVAK is a registered trademark of Sheffield Plastics Inc. Images used from Pixabay are released into the Public Domain under Creative Commons CC0. Images used from Wikimedia Commons are released into the Public Domain by the copyright holder. Except where otherwise noted (Pixabay and Wikimedia Commons images), this work by Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, click on the following link: Creative Commons Licenses 4.0. ATTRIBUTIONS