Download Free Medical Introduction to Cancer PowerPoint Presentation

Introduction to Cancer PowerPoint Presentation

DOWNLOAD MEDICAL POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

About This Presentation

Description : Introduction to Cancer PowerPoint presentation is one of MedicPresents' medical PowrPoint presentations. This Introduction to Cancer PPT presentation gives an introduction to cancer and its different types like Carcinomas, Sarcomas, Lymphomas, Leukaemias, Adenomas, cell, Malignant, benign, tumours etc.

Tags : Carcinomas, Sarcomas, Lymphomas, Leukaemias, Adenomas, cell, Malignant, benign, tumours, introduction, types

Published on : Aug 15, 2016 | Views : 10725 | Downloads : 66

Shareable Url :

Embed Code :

Comment

Transcript

Slide 1-

Introduction to Cancer Presented by: Khushbu Shrivastava Gupta Editor, MedicPresents Master of Technology (M.Tech.), Biotechnology - Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT)
Slide 2-

Statistics >9.7 million cases are detected each year 6.7 million people will die from cancer Every day, around 1700 Americans die of the disease 20.4 million people living with cancer in the world today 1 in 3 people will be diagnosed with cancer in the UK and 1 in 4 will die from their disease
Slide 3-

Lung Breast Colon/Rectum Stomach Liver Prostate Cervix uteri Oesophagus Bladder Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Leukaemia Oral cavity Pancreas Kidney Ovary 1000 800 600 400 200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Men Women From: D.M. Parkin The Lancet Oncology 2: 533-543 (2001) (Thousands) Incidence Mortality 337 293 1050 370 241 318 446 234 165 166 471 233 133 111 76 33 121 68 113 86 47 97 101 101 34 71 192 114 810 902 558 405 255 499 398 384 204 543 279 260 227 99 93 167 144 109 81 170 116 112 57 119 5.3 million cases 3.5 million deaths 4.7 million cases 2.7 million deaths The Global Burden of Cancer 2000
Slide 4-

WHO Statistics 2020 15 million people will die from cancer Causes Ageing population Obesity Smoking
Slide 5-

ppt slide no 5 content not found
Slide 6-

ppt slide no 6 content not found
Slide 7-

ppt slide no 7 content not found
Slide 8-

The burden of cancer 6% of NHS hospital expenditure $/€/£ etc millions spent on research Substantial financial burdens upon families and carers Physical and emotional burden
Slide 9-

Personal views of cancer “in the popular imagination cancer equals death” (Susan Sontag,1977) “Cancer forces us to confront our lack of control over our own or others death” Kleinman (1988)
Slide 10-

What is Cancer? Division – uncontrolled cell division Growth – formation of a lump (tumour) or large numbers of abnormal white cells in the blood Mutation – changes to how the cell is viewed by the immune system Spread – ability to move within the body and survive in another part
Slide 11-

Division – uncontrolled cell division Oncogenes Tumour suppressor genes – p53 Suicide genes – apoptosis DNA repair genes
Slide 12-

Growth Tumour Pressure on nerves Blocking organs Stopping normal function Altering nerve signals Fungating
Slide 13-

Mutation and Spread Invasion Angiogenesis
Slide 14-

Types of Cancer Carcinomas Sarcomas Lymphomas Leukaemias Adenomas Often prefixed by the specific cell
Slide 15-

ppt slide no 15 content not found
Slide 16-

What are the differences in the features of normal and cancer cells?
Slide 17-

Malignant versus benign tumours
Slide 18-

Normal and abnormal cell growth
Slide 19-

Normal cell growth
Slide 20-

Cancerous growth
Slide 21-

Metastatic cancer
Slide 22-

What causes cancer?
Slide 23-

Carcinogenesis. Some factors to consider… Heredity Immunity Chemical Physical Viral Bacterial Lifestyle
Slide 24-

Heredity 5-10% of Cancers ?15% of all cancers Molecular biology and Human Genome Project
Slide 25-

Heredity Genes isolated for several classic familial cancer syndromes: RB1 (retinoblastoma) APC (familial polyposis) Human Non Polyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC) BRCA 1&2 (breast cancer) p53 (many cancers)
Slide 26-

Immunity HIV / AIDS Immunosuppression
Slide 27-

Virus’s Hepatitis B Human T-cell Leukaemia virus Epstein Barr Virus Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Slide 28-

Bacterial H. pylori Other Parasites: Schistosoma spp Clonorchis sinensis
Slide 29-

Estimated Burden of Cancer from Infection Worldwide in 2000 Liver 509,000 HBV, HCV, flukes 5.1 Cervix 471,000 HPV 4.7 Stomach 442,000 H. pylori 4.4 Kaposi’s (HIV related) 134,000 HHV-8 1.3 Non Hodgkin lymphoma 72,000 H. pylori, EBV, HIV 0.7 Ano-genital 65,000 HPV 0.6 Nasopharyngeal 63,000 EBV 0.6 Hodgkin disease 33,000 EBV, HIV 0.3 Bladder 10,000 Schistosoma 0.1 Leukaemia 3,000 HTLV1 0.03 Total 1,801,000 17.9 No. of cases Agent % World cancer
Slide 30-

Chemical Alcohol Asbestos Wood dust Rubber, plastics, dyes Tar / bitumen Aflatoxin Alkylating agents Tobacco
Slide 31-

Smoking Single biggest cause of cancer 25-40% smokers die in middle age 9 in 10 lung cancers Know to cause cancer in 1950
Slide 32-

Smoking and alcohol
Slide 33-

Industrial pollution
Slide 34-

Physical causes Ultraviolet radiation Sunlight Certain industrial sources Radiation Radon Cancer treatment
Slide 35-

Obesity Lifestyle: - Highly caloric diet, rich in fat, refined carbohydrates and animal protein - Low physical activity Consequences: - Cancer - Diabetes - Cardiovascular disease - Hypertension
Slide 36-

ppt slide no 36 content not found
Slide 37-

Lifestyle Age Occupation Ethnicity Deprivation
Slide 38-

Survival variations CONCORD Study (1.9 million survivors) demonstrated a clear relationship to income not only between countries but also between the ethnic groups in those countries (Coleman et al Lancet Oncology 2008)
Slide 39-

Diagnosis and staging Clinical History Normal diagnostic procedures Scans, xrays Blood tests Biopsy Pathological staging
Slide 40-

Staging Size Invasion Lymph nodes Metastasises
Slide 41-

TNM Staging T (a,is,(0),1-4): size or direct extent of the primary tumor N (0-3): degree of spread to regional lymph nodes N0: tumor cells absent from regional lymph nodes N1: tumor cells spread to closest or small number of regional lymph nodes N2: tumor cells spread to an extent between N1 and N3. N3: tumor cells spread to most distant or numerous regional lymph nodes M (0/1): presence of metastasis M0: no distant metastasis M1: metastasis to distant organs (beyond regional lymph nodes)
Slide 42-

Other parameters G (1-4): the grade of the cancer cells (i.e. they are "low grade" if they appear similar to normal cells, and "high grade" if they appear poorly differentiated) R (0/1/2): the completeness of the operation (surgery-boundaries free of cancer cells or not) L (0/1): invasion into lymphatics V (0/1): invasion into vein C (1-4): a modifier of the certainty (quality) of the last mentioned parameter
Slide 43-

Examples Small, low grade cancer, no metastasis, no spread to regional lymph nodes, cancer completely removed, resection material seen by pathologist - pT1 pN0 M0 R0 G1; this would be considered Stage I. Large, high grade cancer, with spread to regional lymph nodes and other organs, not completely removed, seen by pathologist - pT4 pN2 M1 R1 G3; this would be considered Stage IV. Most Stage I tumors are curable; most Stage IV tumors are not.
Slide 44-

Staging for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) There are two different systems for staging chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The Rai classification is used more often in the United States, whereas the Binet system is used more widely in Europe
Slide 45-

Stages of Leukemia: Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) For adults, ALL is classified as untreated, in remission, or recurrent. For childhood ALL, risk groups are used instead of stages to describe cases of the disease. Risk groups for childhood ALL include: Standard (low) risk High risk Recurrent.
Slide 46-

Other staging Lymphoma: uses Ann Arbor staging Hodgkin's Disease: follows a scale from I-IV and can be indicated further by an A or B, depending on whether a patient is non-symptomatic or has symptoms such as fevers. It is known as the "Cotswold System" or "Modified Ann Arbor Staging System".
Slide 47-

Duke Staging System Modified Duke A The tumor penetrates into the mucosa of the bowel wall but no further. Modified Duke B B1: tumor penetrates into, but not through the muscularis propria (the muscular layer) of the bowel wall. B2: tumor penetrates into and through the muscularis propria of the bowel wall. Modified Duke C C1: tumor penetrates into, but not through the muscularis propria of the bowel wall; there is pathologic evidence of colon cancer in the lymph nodes. C2: tumor penetrates into and through the muscularis propria of the bowel wall; there is pathologic evidence of colon cancer in the lymph nodes. Modified Duke D The tumor, which has spread beyond the confines of the lymph nodes (to organs such as the liver, lung or bone).
Slide 48-

Summary Cancer is a disease of Division, growth and spread It has a number of causes many of them preventable The survival of the patient is determined by the stage of the disease, the earlier the detection or the smaller the tumour the better the survival
Slide 49-

10 Rules to Avoid Cancer 2. Don’t smoke. 3. Don’t smoke. 4. Avoid exposure to other known carcinogens, including aflatoxin, asbestos and UV light. 6. Eat fresh fruit and vegetables several times a day. 7. Be physically active and avoid obesity. 8. Have vaccination against, or early detection/treatment of, cancer causing chronic infections. 9. Have the right genes. 10. Have good luck ! 5. Enjoy a healthy diet, moderate in calories, salt and fat, and low in alcohol. 1. Don’t smoke
Slide 50-

Thank You!