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Histamine and histamine antagonists PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : This medical presentation titled "Histamine and histamine antagonists" presents the anatomic localization and function of histamine H1, H2, H3 and H4 receptors, distinguishes between the 1st and 2nd generation H1-antihistamines, gives prototypical agents for 1st and 2nd generation antihistamines (underlined), and describes the diversity of desired and undesired actions associated with 1st generation H1-antihistamines.

Tags : Histamine, histamine antagonists, anatomic localization, function, histamine H1, H2, H3, H4 receptors, mast cells, basophils, neurons

Published on : Apr 26, 2021 | Views : 2041 | Downloads : 3

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Slide 1-

HISTAMINE AND HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTSEmel Songu-Mizeemize@lsuhsc.edu
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Objectives Know the anatomic localization and function of histamine H1, H2, H3 and H4 receptors Distinguish between the 1st and 2nd generation H1-antihistamines Know prototypical agents for 1st and 2nd generation antihistamines (underlined) Describe the diversity of desired and undesired actions associated with 1st generation H1-antihistamines
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Histamine:is an endogenous substance synthesized, stored and released in (a) mast cells, which are abundant in the skin, GI, and the respiratory tract, (b) basophils in the blood, and (c) some neurons in the CNS and peripheral NS
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Histamine exerts its effects on many tissues and organs: It is not a drug but is important due to its physiological and pathophysiological actions. Therefore, drugs that inhibit its release or block its receptors have therapeutic value. Physiological Actions of Histamine Primary stimulant for gastric acid and pepsin secretion (H2) (acid secretion is enhanced by gastrin and vagal stimulation) Has a role as a neurotransmitter (H3) (both in the CNS and peripheral sites)
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Pathophysiological Actions of Histamine Cellular mediator of immediate hypersensitivity reaction and acute inflammatory response Anaphylaxis Seasonal allergies Duodenal ulcers Systemic mastocytosis Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)
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Synthesis and Metabolism 1) Synthesized in the cell from L-histidine L-histidine L-histidine decarboxylase Histamine 2) Metabolized by P450 system, 2 pathways: Methylation to N-me histamine (N-me transferase), and to N-me imidazole acetic acid (MAO) - eliminated in urine Oxidative deamination to imidazole acetic acid (DAO), and to imidazole acetic acid riboside - eliminated in urine
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HA HA HA HA HA HA Y Y Non-immune Releasers (opioids, tubocurarine, vancomycin etc) IgE ANTIGEN PGs & LTs PROTEASES HISTAMINE OTHER MEDIATORS (PAF,TNF,ILs) IgE - Antibody Induced Release (food, penicillin, venoms, etc) ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION Inhibitors of Release (Cromolyn, Albuterol) HA
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IgE - Mediated Releasers Food: eggs, peanuts, milk products, grains, strawberries, etc Drugs: penicillins, sulfonamides, etc Venoms: fire ants, snake, bee, etc Foreign proteins: nonhuman insulin, serum proteins, etc Enzymes: chymopapain
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Morphine and other opioids, i.v. Aspirin and other NSAIDs in some asthmatics Vancomycin, i.v. (Red man syndrome), polymixin B Some x-ray contrast media Succinylcholine, d-tubocurarine, 48/80 Anaphylotoxins: c3a, c5a Cold or solar urticaria Non-immune Releasers
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mild/cutaneous mild to moderate severe/anaphylactic erythema, urticaria, and/or itching skin reactions, tachycardia, dysrhythmias, moderate hypotension, mild respiratory distress severe hypotension, ventricular fibrillations, cardiac arrest, bronchospasm, respiratory arrest Clinical Symptoms Associated With Histamine Release
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Pharmacological Effects of Histamine Ranges from mild allergic symptoms to anaphylactic shock Involves both the H1 and H2 receptors dilatation of small blood vessels  flushing (H1) decreased TPR and BP (H1 initial response, H2 sustained reaction) increased capillary permeability, edema (H1)
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Histamine Receptors All are part of the super family of G-protein coupled receptors: H1 - Gq coupled to Phospholipase C (PLC) H2 - Gs coupled to Adenylyl Cyclase (AC) H3 - Gi/o coupled to AC, also to K- channels and reduce Ca influx, inhibit presynaptic neurotransmitter release H4 - available data consistent with coupling to Gi/o in mast cells, as well as eosinophils, that can trigger calcium mobilization  mast cell chemotaxis
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Receptors: Distribution and Function H1 – Smooth muscle, endothelium, CNS. Bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, separation of endothelial cells, pain and itching, allergic rhinitis, motion sickness. H2 – gastric parietal cell, vascular s.m. cell, basophils. Regulate gastric acid secretion, vasodilation, inhibition of IgE-dependent degranulation. H3 - CNS cells, and some in peripheral NS. Presynaptic, feedback inhibition of histamine synthesis and release. They also control release of DA, GABA, ACh, 5-HT & NE H4 - Highly expressed in bone morrow and white blood cells. Mediate mast cell chemotaxis.
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Triple Response of Willis Subdermal histamine injection causes: Red spot (few mm) in seconds: direct vasodilation effect , H1 receptor mediated Flare (1cm beyond site): axonal reflexes, indirect vasodilation, and itching, H1 receptor mediated Wheal (1-2 min) same area as original spot, edema due to increased capillary permeability, H1 receptor mediated
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Selected Actions of Histamine in Humans Vascular H1 – in vascular endothelium NO and PG release  vasodilation. In coronary vessels  vasoconstriction. Increased permeability of post capillary venules H2 – in vascular s.m. cells  vasodilation mediated by cAMP
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Selected Actions of Histamine in Humans Heart H1 - decreased AV conduction H2 - increased chronotropy, decreased inotropy H1, H2 - increased automaticity
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Effects on Human Heart (ref: G & G) Histamine affects both cardiac contractility and electrical events directly. It increases the force of contraction of both atrial and ventricular muscle by promoting the influx of Ca2+, and it speeds heart rate by hastening diastolic depolarization in the sinoatrial (SA) node. It also acts directly to slow atrioventricular (AV) conduction, to increase automaticity, and in high doses especially, to elicit arrhythmias. With the exception of slowed AV conduction, which involves mainly H1 receptors, all these effects are largely attributable to H2 receptors and cAMP accumulation. If histamine is given i.v., direct cardiac effects of histamine are overshadowed by baroreceptor reflexes elicited by the reduced blood pressure.
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Lung H1 – bronchoconstriction, increased mucus viscosity H2 - slight bronchodilation, increased mucus secretion H1 - stimulation of vagal sensory nerve endings: cough Selected Actions of Histamine in Humans
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Gastrointestinal System H2 - acid, fluid and pepsin secretion H1 - increased intestinal motility and secretions Cutaneous Nerve Endings H1 - pain and itching Selected Actions of Histamine in Humans
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Histamine-related Drugs Mast Cell Stabilizers (Cromolyn Na, Nedocromil –Tilade -, Albuterol) H1 Receptor Antagonists (1st and 2nd generation) H2 Receptor Antagonists (Ranitidine, Cimetidine) H3 Receptor Agonist and Antagonists (potential new drugs being developed)
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First Generation: Sedating Second Generation: Nonsedating Histamine H1- Antagonists
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First Generation Agents Examples Ethanolamines: DIPHENHYDRAMINE (Benadryl) CLEMASTINE (Tavist) Ethylenediamine: TRIPELENNAMINE Alkylamine: CHLORPHENIRAMINE (Chlortrimeton) Phenothiazine: PROMETHAZINE (Phenergan) Piperazines: HYDROXYZINE (Vistaril) CYCLIZINE (Antivert)
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Uses: Adjunctive in anaphylaxis and other cases where histamine release can occur (H2 antagonist, and epinephrine must also be used in anaphylaxis) Antiallergy (allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, contact dermatitis) Sedative/sleep aid To prevent motion sickness (meclizine, cyclizine) First Generation Agents
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Uses (cont’d) Antiemetic: prophylactic for motion sickness (promethazine) Antivertigo (meclizine) Local anesthetic: (diphenhydramine) Antitussive (diphenhydramine) First Generation Agents
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First Generation Agents Adverse Effects: Sedation (Paradoxical Excitation in children) Dizziness Fatigue Tachydysrhythmias in overdose - rare Allergic reactions with topical use Peripheral antimuscarinic effects dry Mouth blurred Vision constipation urinary Retention
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Drug interactions: Additive with classical antimuscarinics Potentiate CNS depressants opioids sedatives general and narcotic analgesics alcohol First Generation Agents
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First Generation Agents Pharmacokinetics: Well absorbed from the GI-tract Widely distributed Cross BBB Placental transfer Hepatic transformation, renal elimination of the metabolites (induce hepatic microsomal enzymes)
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Uses Antiallergy Examples CETIRIZINE (Zyrtec) FEXOFENADINE (Allegra) LORATADINE (Claritin) DESLORATADINE (Clarinex- FDA Approved In 2002) LORATADINE (Claritin Hives Relief - FDA Approved In 2004) AZELASTIN (Intranasal Spray) Second Generation Agents
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Adverse effects: in general, these agents have a much lower incidence of adverse effects than the first generation agents. terfenadine (seldane) and astemizole (hismanal) were removed from the market due to effects on cardiac K+ channels - prolong QT interval (potentially fatal arrhythmia “torsades de pointes”) fexofenadine is active metabolite of terfenadine Second Generation Agents
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Adverse effects: Cetirizine appears to have more CNS actions (sedative) than fexofenadine or loratadine. recommended that cetirizine not be used by pilots. Erythromycin and ketoconazole inhibit the metabolism of fexofenadine and loratadine in healthy subjects, this caused no adverse effects. Second Generation Agents
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Second Generation Agents Pharmacokinetics: Cetirizine (C), loratadine (L), fexofenadine (F) well absorbed and are excreted mainly unmetabolized form. C and L are primarily excreted in the urine F is primarily excreted in the feces They induce Cyt P450 liver enzymes
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Reading Goodman and Gilman 11th edition Chapter 24