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General Anesthetics PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "General anesthetics" by Dr Sanjeewani Fonseka.

This medical PowerPoint presentation talks about General anesthetics. General anesthetics are drugs that induce a state of unconsciousness and loss of sensation throughout the entire body, allowing for invasive surgical procedures to be performed without pain or awareness. These drugs are typically administered through injection or inhalation, and they work by altering the activity of specific neurotransmitters in the brain.

Tags : General Anaesthetics, reversible loss of consciousness, central nervous system, Anesthesiology

Published on : Mar 16, 2023 | Views : 1267 | Downloads : 0

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Slide 1-

General anesthetics Dr Sanjeewani Fonseka
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Objectives Define sleep, amnesia, analgesia, general anesthesia List different phases/planes of GA Classify the agents used for general anesthesia Describe the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutics and adverse effects and drug interactions of different anesthetic drugs Compare the pharmacological effects of thiopental sodium, propofol, and ketamine
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Surgery Before Anesthesia
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Fun and Frolics led to Early Anesthesia
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What are General Anesthetics? A drug that brings about a reversible loss of consciousness generally administered by an anesthesiologist in order to induce or maintain general anesthesia to facilitate surgery.
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6 General Anaesthesia (GA) A variety of drugs are given to the patient that have different effects with the overall aim of ensuring unconsciousness, amnesia and analgesia.
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Stage I: Disorientation, altered consciousness Stage II: Excitatory stage, delirium, uncontrolled movement, irregular breathing. Goal is to move through this stage as rapidly as possible. Stage III: Surgical anesthesia; return of regular respiration. Plane 1: “light” anesthesia Plane 2: Loss of blink reflex, regular respiration . Surgical procedures can be performed at this stage. Plane 3: Deep anesthesia. Shallow breathing, assisted ventilation needed. Level of anesthesia for painful surgeries Plane 4: Diaphragmatic respiration only, assisted ventilation is required. Cardiovascular impairment. Stage IV: Too deep; essentially an overdose and represents anesthetic crisis. This is the stage between respiratory arrest and death due to circulatory collapse. Stages Of General Anesthesia
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Anesthetics divide into 2 classes
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Anesthetics divide into 2 classes
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Inhalation Anesthetics
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Mechanism of Action Interaction with protein receptors Volatile A – increase GABA and Glycine ( inhibitory neurotransmitters)
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MAC(minimum alveolar concentration) A measure of potency of inhaled anesthetics MAC is the concentration necessary to prevent responding in 50% of population.
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Pathway for General Anesthetics
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Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Anesthetics Amount that reaches the brain Indicated by oil:gas ratio (lipid solubility) Solubility of gas into blood The lower the blood:gas ratio, the more anesthetics will arrive at the brain
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Rate of Entry into the Brain: Influence of Blood and Lipid Solubility
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General Actions of Inhaled Anesthetics Respiration Depressed respiration and response to CO2 Kidney Depression of renal blood flow and urine output Muscle High enough concentrations will relax skeletal muscle
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Cont’ Cardiovascular System Generalized reduction in arterial pressure and peripheral vascular resistance. Isoflurane maintains CO and coronary function better than other agents Central Nervous System Increased cerebral blood flow and decreased cerebral metabolism
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Nitrous Oxide widely used Potent analgesic Produce a light anesthesia Do not depress the respiration/vasomotor center Used ad adjunct to supplement other inhalationals Inhaled Anesthetics
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Halothane non-flammable 20% metabolism by P450 induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes Myocardial depressant (SA node), sensitization of myocardium to catecholamines - arrhythmia Inhaled Anesthetics
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Halothane Transient hepatic damage Liver necrosis In repeated exposure Immunosensititation Inhaled Anesthetics
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Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a pharmacogenetic hypermetabolic state of skeletal muscle induced in susceptible individuals by inhalational anesthetics and/or succinylcholine (and maybe by stress or exercise). Malignant Hyperthermia
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Genetic susceptibility-Ca+ channel defect (CACNA1S) or RYR1 (ryanodine receptor) Excess calcium ion leads to excessive ATP breakdown/depletion Malignant Hyperthermia
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Signs: tachycardia, tachypnea, metabolic acidosis, hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, sweating, arrhythmia May be fatal Treated with dantrolene Malignant Hyperthermia
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Enflurane Rapid, smooth induction and maintenance 2-10% metabolized in liver Introduced as replacement for halothane Inhaled Anesthetics
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Isoflurane smooth and rapid induction and recovery very little metabolism (0.2%) no reports of hepatotoxicity or renotoxicity most widely employed Inhaled Anesthetics
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Anesthetics divide into 2 classes
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Intravenous Induction Agents Commonly used IV induction agents Propofol Thiopental sodium Ketamine
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Intravenous Anesthetics Most exert their actions by potentiating GABAA receptor GABAergic actions may be similar to those of volatile anesthetics, but act at different sites on receptor
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Most decrease cerebral metabolism and intracranial pressure Most cause respiratory depression May cause apnea after induction of anesthesia Organ Effects
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Barbiturates, benzodiazepines and propofol cause cardiovascular depression. Cardiovascular Effects
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Thiopental sodium rapid onset (20 sec) short-acting
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Effect terminated not by metabolism but by redistribution repeated administration or prolonged infusion approached equilibrium at redistribution sites Build-up in adipose tissue = very long emergence from anesthesia Thiopental sodium
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Side effects Hypotension apnoea airway obstruction Thiopental sodium
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Propofol Short-acting agent used for the induction maintenance of GA and sedation Onset within one minute of injection
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It is highly protein bound in vivo and is metabolised by conjugation in the liver Side-effect pain on injection hypotension transient apnoea following induction Propofol
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Ketamine NMDA Receptor Antagonist usually stimulate rather than depress the circulatory system.
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Analgesic dissociative anesthesia Cataleptic appearance, eyes open, reflexes intact, purposeless but coordinated movements Ketamine
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Stimulates sympathetic nervous system Psychomimetic – “emergence reactions” vivid dreaming extracorporeal (floating "out-of-body") experience misperceptions, misinterpretations, illusions may be associated with euphoria, excitement, confusion, fear Ketamine
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General anesthesia Induction Maintenance
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Induction
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Maintenance In order to prolong anaesthesia for the required duration breathe to a carefully controlled mixture of oxygen, nitrous oxide, and a volatile anaesthetic agent transferred to the patient's brain via the lungs and the bloodstream, and the patient remains unconscious
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Maintenance Inhaled agents are supplemented by intravenous anaesthetics, such as opioids (usually fentanyl or morphine)
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What is Balanced Anesthesia? Use specific drugs for each component 1. Sensory N20, opioids, ketamine for analgesia 2. Cognitive Produce amnesia, and preferably unconsciousness inhaled agent IV hypnotic (propofol, midazolam, diazepam, thiopental) 3. Motor Muscle relaxants
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Simple Combinations Morphine Propofol N2O Sevoflurane Relaxant of choice
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Simple Combinations Fentanyl Thiopental sodium N2O Halothane Relaxant of choice
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SUMMARY
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Anesthetics divide into 2 classes
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Inhalation Anesthetics
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Intravenous anesthetics Thiopental sodium Propofol ketamine
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Induction
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Question Compare the pharmacologicl effects of thiopentone sodium, propofol, and ketamine