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Fertilization Implantation And Early Development of The Embryo PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Fertilization, Implantation and early Development of the embryo”.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about the complex processes of fertilization, implantation, and early development of the embryo.

Fertilization is the process in which a sperm and an egg fuse to form a zygote, which is the first cell of a new individual. During fertilization, the sperm penetrates the protective layers surrounding the egg and fuses with the eggs cell membrane. Once the sperm has entered the egg, the two cells genetic material combines, and a zygote is formed.

After fertilization, the zygote undergoes several rounds of cell division, forming a ball of cells called a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants in the uterus, where it begins to develop into an embryo.

Implantation occurs approximately 6-10 days after fertilization, when the blastocyst attaches to the uterine lining. The blastocyst then begins to divide and differentiate into three layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These layers give rise to all of the bodys organs and tissues.

During early development, the embryo undergoes several important developmental milestones, including gastrulation, neurulation, and organogenesis. Gastrulation is the process by which the three germ layers are formed, while neurulation is the process by which the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord, is formed. Organogenesis is the process by which the organs begin to form and develop.

Throughout this process, the embryo receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother through the placenta, which is a specialized organ that forms during pregnancy. The placenta also plays an important role in removing waste products from the embryos bloodstream.

Tags : Fertilization, Development of the embryo, sperm, egg, zygote, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 20, 2023 | Views : 1096 | Downloads : 3

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1 Fertilization, Implantation and early Development of the embryoLecture 3
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2 Placenta Remarkable organ originating from trophoblast layer of fertilized ovum. Placental functions Transport Respiratory Nutrient function Hormone production Storage Barrier function (molecular as heparin, syphilis, toxoplasma
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3 Abnormalities In Placenta Placenta Marginata: disorder of placental attachment, mild type of abruption in which slight separation occurs at the edge of placenta in region of marginal sinus of mother. Placenta circumvallata: opaque ring seen on fetal surface, its formed by doubling edge. Placenta membranacea: covered all of the fetus. Placenta Accretta, increta, percreta
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4 Fetus Rate of growth development under control of genetic control and nutrient in body Size --5th wk- sac --12th wk-30gm --28th wk-1100gm --Full term-50cm (2700-3600 gm)
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5 Fetal Circulation During intra uterine life of fetal, respiratory system is not functioning because oxygenation of blood is occurring in placenta, therefore 4-temporary structures in fetal circulation, these are Ductus Venous: runs from umbilical vein to the vena cava, it carries oxygenated blood to the heart Foramen Ovale: allows blood to flow from Rt atrium directly to Lf atrium (bypass Rt ventricle and fetal lungs). Ductus Arterioses: communicating duct from pulmonary artery to descending arch of aorta, it carries deoxygenated blood. Hypo gastric arteries: branching from internal iliac arteries to enter the umbilical cord as umbilical arteries
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7 Summary of fetal circulation O2 blood enters fetus via umbilical vein Umbilical vein goes straight to liver ,however most of blood go to Ductus venous to inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava carrying co2 blood from lower parts of fetus Inferior vena cava empties its blood into Rt atrium Main volume of blood passes straight to Lt atrium via foramen Ovale. From Lf atrium blood passes to Lt ventricle and out into aorta to supply brain and upper limbs Co2 blood returned from upper part of body via superior vena cava From superior vena cava blood travels through Rt atrium and ventricle to enter pulmonary artery Most of the blood bypasses through Ductus Arterioses straight to descending arch of aorta Main volume of blood diverted through hypo gastric arteries to cord and then to placenta as umbilical arteries for replenishment.
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8 Changes after birth After clamping umbilical cord and take first deep breath as a result of stimuli like -Infant’s thorax first compressed and rapidly re expands during delivery -Cold of external environment -Bright lights -Noises -Pressure on infant’s body and sensation of weight
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10 Amniotic Fluid (liquor) Allows growth and free movement of fetus Equalizes pressure and protect fetus from injury Maintains temperature and provides small amounts of nutrients In labour protects placenta and umbilical cord from pressure of uterine contractions Aids effacement of cervix and dilatation of uterine os.
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11 Abnormalities Polyhydraminus: exceeds 1500 ml (e.g. encephalopathy) Oligohydraminus: less than 300 ml (e.g. fetus unable to pass urine) Meconium: in case of fetal distress
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12 Umbilical Cord Length 15-120 cm (average 50cm) sufficient to allow delivery of baby without traction to placenta occur. -Transmits umbilical blood vessels -Two arteries from internal iliac artery, un oxygenated blood and one vein from Ductus venosus having oxygenated blood.
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13 Abnormalities Less than 40 cm short cord Very long cord may wrapped around neck or body of fetus or become knotted True knots result occlusion of blood vessels False knots
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14 Fetal Membranes (amniotic Sac) Function keep amniotic fluid Asses in formation of fluid Protection Asses material exchange.
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15 Terminology Para- number of births after 20 weeks gestation regardless of whether the infants were born alive or dead,twins are considered a single para Primagravida- woman pregnant for the first time Mulrigravida- woman who is in her second or more pregnancy
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16 Terminology Gravida-any pregnancy, regardless of duration Nulligravida- a woman who has never been pregnant Primapara-woman who has not given birth at more than 20weeks gestation Multipara-woman who has given birth two or more times at more than 20 weeks gestation
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17 Trimesters & length of pregnancy Average Pregnancy lasts 280 days-40 weeks and is divided into trimesters 1st trimester 0-3months(13WK) 2ndTrimester 3-6 months(26WK) 3rdTrimester-6-9 months(39WK) 10 lunar months 9 calendar months
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18 Profile of previous obstetric history GTPALM G=gravida T=term P=premature births A=abortions L= number of living children M= multiple births
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19 GTPALM A lady who is pregnant has 3 children and a history of 1 miscarriage (abortion). This would be written as follows G T P A l M 5-3-0-1-3-0
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20 Other institutions use only 2 letters P & G to indicate PARA and Gravida A woman pregnant for the first time would be P0, G1 A woman is pregnant has 4 children and has a history of 2 abortions P4, G 7
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21 DETERMINATION OF DATE OF BIRTH Nagele’s rule 1st day LMP - 3 months + seven days LMP Oct 10th2003 -3mts July 10th +7 days EDD= July 17th 2004
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22 Pre-natal care Improved pre-natal care has dramatically reduced infant and maternal mortality Detecting potential problems early leads to prompt assessment and treatment Preventative measures such as adequate nutrition, proper exercise, assessment of pregnancy and a planned regimen of care are essential A pregnant woman should seek health care as soon as she suspects she is pregnant
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23 The initial pre-natal visit The initial visit will include the following data collection Health history Past medical history Genetic disorders Obstetric history Personal & social history Physical assessment
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24 Take health history last period started on menstrual cycles are regular and how long they usually last; details about any gynecological problems details about any previous pregnancies. medical history, including chronic conditions and medications used to treat them, drug allergies, psychiatric problems, and any past surgeries or hospitalizations ask about activities such as smoking, drinking, and drug use that could affect pregnancy.
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25 Take family health history ask if any of relatives or baby's father or his relatives have had any chronic or serious diseases
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26 Do a genetic and birth defect history ask if you, the baby's father, or anyone else in the family has a chromosomal or genetic disorder or was born with a structural birth defect. know about all the medications and nutritional supplements you've taken since your last period any exposures to potential toxins
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27 Pre-natal visits At each pre-natal visit the nurse collects the following data Weight Urine for glucose & protein Vital signs Doppler of the fetal heart beat Leopold’s maneuvers to determine presentation of the fetus Assessment of fundal height
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28 Signs of pregnancy (table9.2),P.223 Presumptive signs-these signs suggest pregnancy Probable signs-indicate that the woman is most likely pregnant Positive signs- definite evidence that a woman is pregnant
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32 Signs of pregnancy
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33 How do pregnancy tests work? All pregnancy tests look for a special hormone in the urine or blood that is only present when a woman is pregnant. This hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), is also called the pregnancy hormone.
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34 What's the difference between a urine and a blood pregnancy test? Blood tests can pick up hCG earlier in a pregnancy than urine tests can. -Blood tests can tell if you are pregnant about 6 to 8 days after you ovulate (or release an egg from an ovary). -Urine tests can determine pregnancy about 2 weeks after ovulation. Some more sensitive urine tests can tell if you are pregnant as one day after you miss a menstrual period.
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35 Counsel and let woman know what's coming eat well weight gain Discomfort of early pregnancy symptoms that require immediate attention
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36 Nursing Diagnosis Health-seeking behaviors related to interest in maintaining optimal health during pregnancy Anxiety related to minor symptoms of pregnancy Risk for fluid volume deficient related to nausea and vomiting Constipation related to reduced peristalsis during pregnancy
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37 Nursing Diagnosis-Cont. Disturbed body image R/T change of appearance with pregnancy Risk for ineffective sexuality patterns R/t fear of harming fetus during pregnancy. Disturbed sleep pattern R/t frequent need to empty bladder during night Fatigue R/t metabolic changes of pregnancy.
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38 Danger signs during pregnancy Headache –visual disturbances, or dizziness Increase in systolic BP 30mmHg or more Increase in diastolic blood pressure 15mmHg Epigastric pain Burning on urination or backache Abnormal fatigue and nervousness Anginal pain, shortness of breath Muscular irritability, confusion, seizures Vaginal bleeding or fluid leaking from the vagina