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Lateral and Medial Epicondylitis PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Lateral and Medial Epicondylitis” by Ian S Rice MD.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about lateral and medial epicondylitis, two conditions that involve pain and inflammation of the tendons that attach to the elbow.

Lateral epicondylitis, also known as tennis elbow, is a condition that affects the tendons on the outside of the elbow. It is commonly caused by overuse or repetitive strain on the forearm muscles and tendons, resulting in small tears in the tendons that attach to the lateral epicondyle (the bony bump on the outer part of the elbow). Symptoms of lateral epicondylitis include pain and tenderness on the outer part of the elbow, weakness in the wrist and forearm, and difficulty gripping objects.

Medial epicondylitis, also known as golfers elbow, is a similar condition that affects the tendons on the inside of the elbow. It is caused by overuse or repetitive strain on the forearm muscles and tendons, resulting in small tears in the tendons that attach to the medial epicondyle (the bony bump on the inner part of the elbow). Symptoms of medial epicondylitis include pain and tenderness on the inner part of the elbow, weakness in the wrist and forearm, and difficulty gripping objects.

Treatment for both lateral and medial epicondylitis typically involves rest, ice, and anti-inflammatory medications to reduce pain and inflammation. Physical therapy and exercises to strengthen the forearm muscles and tendons may also be recommended. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the damaged tendons. It is important to consult a healthcare professional if you are experiencing symptoms of lateral or medial epicondylitis.

Tags : Lateral and Medial Epicondylitis, tennis elbow, Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 23, 2023 | Views : 1134 | Downloads : 0

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Slide 1-

Ian S Rice MD Sports Medicine Orthopedic Surgeon Lateral and Medial Epicondylitis
Slide 2-

Outline Epidemiology Anatomy Biomechanics Pathophysiology Diagnosis Treatment Research
Slide 3-

Lateral Epicondylitis Tennis Elbow
Slide 4-

History First described in 1873 by Runge Tendinosis not inflammatory condition Affects common attachment of extensor muscles of forearm to lateral epicondyle of humerus Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64 Van Hofwegen, C., et al. (2010) Clin Sports Med 29: 577-97
Slide 5-

Epidemiology Incidence 1%-3% adults per year in UK 10-50% of people who play tennis regularly, Male > Female Lateral 4-7 times more common than Medial 35 – 55 years of age Male = Female in general population Dominant arm > Non-dominant Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64 Van Hofwegen, C., et al. (2010) Clin Sports Med 29: 577-97
Slide 6-

Anatomy Common Extensors: Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis* Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Extensor Digitorum Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Radial  superficial sensory + deep  PIN Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64 Van Hofwegen, C., et al. (2010) Clin Sports Med 29: 577-97
Slide 7-

Anatomy Radial Collateral Ligament Lateral Ulnar Collateral Ligament Annular Ligament
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Biomechanics: Extensor Group Eccentric contraction of ECRB Excessive/repetitive use extensors or supinator Tennis, typing, piano, manual work Risk factors in racquet sports: Incorrect technique Extended duration of play Frequency of play Size of handle Racquet weight Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64
Slide 9-

Pathophysiology Paucity of inflammatory cells Gross: Grayish, homogenous, edematous and friable tissue Tendinosis  degenerative process Rate of stretching exceeds tolerance  microtears  tendinosis Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64 Van Hofwegen, C., et al. (2010) Clin Sports Med 29: 577-97
Slide 10-

Histologic Stages of Microtrauma 1: Acute inflammatory response Sometimes resolves 2: Angiofibroblastic hyperplasia (increased concentration of fibroblasts, vascular hyperplasia, disorganized collagen) Hypercellularity in both organized and unorganized fasion Most common stage of presentation for treatment 3: Structural failure of tendon with partial of complete rupture 4: Features of stage 2 or 3 plus fibrosis, soft calcification within collagen and hard osseous calcification Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64
Slide 11-

Pathophysiology: Microscopy Normal Tendon Kraushaar, BS, et al. (1999) J Bone Joint Surg. 81A(2): 1158-64
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Pathophysiology: Microscopy Tendinosis of ECRB with some normal tendon and some disorganized tendon Kraushaar, BS, et al. (1999) J Bone Joint Surg. 81A(2): 1158-64
Slide 13-

Pathophysiology: Microscopy Angiofibroblastic hyperplasia meets normal tendon Kraushaar, BS, et al. (1999) J Bone Joint Surg. 81A(2): 1158-64
Slide 14-

Pathophysiology: Other Theories Stress shielding certain sections of tendon leading to structural weakening Shear forces leading to fibrocartilaginous composition of ECRB attachment  weak attachment  tendinosis Long muscle contraction rendering tendon avascular  free radicals Hyperthermic injury Protein kinase  apoptosis Altered gene expression and imbalance of matrix metalloproteinases and growth factors Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64
Slide 15-

Pathophysiology: Neurologic Changes High variability of patient’s symptoms Increased concentration neurotransmitters (glutamate), which sensitize pain response and direct irritation by lactate Cascade of changes in PNS neurons, which leads to sensitization of CNS May explain associated neck pain in 56% of patients Could be other overuse or altered biomechanics Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64
Slide 16-

Diagnosis: History Pain at lateral epicondyle Radiates down extensor mass, occasionally proximally Exacerbated by contraction of extensor mass Insidious onset History of repetitive activity or overuse Inability to hold items Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64
Slide 17-

Diagnosis: Physical Examination Tenderness ECRB origin or more diffuse centered about lateral epicondyle Resisted extension Full elbow/wrist ROM Sensation normal Wrist Extensor weakness 2º pain Decreased grip strength Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64
Slide 18-

Differential Diagnosis Cervical radiculopathy Elbow overuse compensating for frozen shoulder PIN entrapment Radiocapitellar degenerative changes or OCD Inflammation of anconeus Infection Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64
Slide 19-

Diagnosis: Imaging Plain film: 22%-25% calcification within soft tissue Otherwise normal Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64
Slide 20-

Diagnosis: Imaging MRI: Presence of degenerative tissue, tears in tendon More reproducible than US Intra-articular pathology Poor correlation with symptoms Generally not necessary Clinical diagnosis Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64
Slide 21-

Treatment: Nonsurgical 80% + Improve within 1 year Relative rest Ice NSAIDs Steroid Injection: Short-term relief Counterforce Bracing (decrease tension on extensors) and wrist splint PT/Rehab: range of motion, eccentric strengthening Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64
Slide 22-

Treatment: Alternative Ultrasound/Extracorporeal shock waves (ECSW’s) Acupuncture/dry needling Platelet-rich plasma: growth factors Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64
Slide 23-

Treatment: Surgical 4%-11% require surgery Extra-articular extensor tendon debridement Intra-articular: excise synovial fringe and portion of orbicular ligament Tendon excision with origin reattachment
Slide 24-

Surgical: Open Debridement 8-10 cm incision over lateral epicondyle Subperiosteal detachment of common tendon Tendon debridement Decortication of epicondyle with rongeur Drill 2 v-shaped tunnels with horizontal mattress reattachment Splint 7-10 days with progressive mobilization
Slide 25-

Surgical: Open Limited Incision Ahmed, Z., et al. (2013) Bone Joint J. 95-B: 1158-64 Van Hofwegen, C., et al. (2010) Clin Sports Med 29: 577-97
Slide 26-

60 patients Randomized to injection with PRP, steroid or saline Neither PRP no steroid superior to saline Pain at 3 months Steroid decreased pain at 1 month, hypervascularity, and tendon thickness
Slide 27-

165 patients Randomized to 1. steroid injection, 2. placebo injection, 3. steroid plus therapy, 4. placebo plus therapy Steroid injection worse than placebo Therapy did no change outcome JAMA 2013
Slide 28-

PRP vers Placebo PRP versus placebo (AJSM 2013) No change 12 weeks PRP improved 24 weeks Pain
Slide 29-

Medial Epicondylitis Golfer’s Elbow
Slide 30-

Epidemiology Prevalence <1% 3.8 – 8.2% occupational settings 10-20% of epicondylitis patients Nirav, HA, et al. (2015) JAAOS. 23.6: 348-55
Slide 31-

Anatomy Pronator Teres* Flexor Carpi Radialis Palmaris Longus Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Medial Collateral Ligament Nirav, HA, et al. (2015) JAAOS. 23.6: 348-55
Slide 32-

Anatomy Common flexor tendon attaches to medial humeral epicondyle anteriolrly and attaches proximally to anterior bundle of ulnar collateral ligament, becomes confluent with hyperplastic section of anteromedial joint capsule Nirav, HA, et al. (2015) JAAOS. 23.6: 348-55
Slide 33-

Biomechanics Repetitive eccentric loading Wrist flexion, forearm pronation Valgus stress at elbow Nirav, HA, et al. (2015) JAAOS. 23.6: 348-55
Slide 34-

Pathophysiology Peritendinous inflammation Angiofibroblastic hyperplasia Irreparable fibrosis or calcification Ulnar collateral ligament Nirav, HA, et al. (2015) JAAOS. 23.6: 348-55
Slide 35-

History Sports: overhead throwing, golf, tennis, football, weightlifting, bowling Occupational Forceful grip Loads >44lbs Constant vibratory force at elbow 84% have concomitant work-related disorder Carpal tunnel, lateral epicondylitis, rotator cuff tendinitis Nirav, HA, et al. (2015) JAAOS. 23.6: 348-55
Slide 36-

Diagnosis Pain along medial elbow Radiation to proximal forearm Increased pain with resisted pronation and wrist flexion Tenderness 5-10mm distal and anterior to epicondyle Normal ROM Normal Sensation Resisted wrist flexion, forearm pronation, grip may be weak Valgus Stress  Ligamentous pain X-rays usually normal Concomitant ulnar neuritis Nirav, HA, et al. (2015) JAAOS. 23.6: 348-55
Slide 37-

Imaging MRI is standard of care when imaging needed Nirav, HA, et al. (2015) JAAOS. 23.6: 348-55
Slide 38-

Treatment: Non-surgical Similar to Lateral Epicondylitis Rest 6-12 weeks off throwing NSAIDs Wrist flexor and forearm pronator stretching Night splinting Therapy: ROM, eccentric strengthening Nirav, HA, et al. (2015) JAAOS. 23.6: 348-55
Slide 39-

Treatment: Surgical Nirav, HA, et al. (2015) JAAOS. 23.6: 348-55
Slide 40-

Research No RCT in last 3 years