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Feeding and Eating Disorders PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Feeding and Eating Disorders” Eric J. Mash and David A. Wolfe.

This medical PowerPoint presentation talks about Feeding and Eating Disorders, a group of mental health conditions characterized by abnormal eating behaviors and attitudes towards food. These disorders can have serious physical and psychological consequences and require professional treatment.

Tags : Feeding Disorders, Eating Disorders, abnormal eating behaviors, healthy eating tips, foods, nutrients, nutrition, nutrition PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Apr 24, 2023 | Views : 840 | Downloads : 0

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Slide 1-

Feeding and Eating Disorders 14
Slide 2-

What is peculiar about eating disorders is that they are linked to Western culture, where food is plentiful and physical appearance is highly valued In Western society, eating disorders are the third most common illness in adolescent females Overview
Slide 3-

Normal development Problematic eating habits and picky eating are common in early childhood Societal norms and expectations affect girls more than boys Beginning around age 9, girls are more anxious than boys about losing weight Most important impact on fundamental biological processes is early parent-child relationship Entering school comes with pressure to conform to perceptions of desirable body type How Eating Patterns Develop
Slide 4-

Early eating habits, attitudes, and behaviors Western sociocultural values and preoccupation with weight and dieting May be internalized and expressed in children as young as age 7-10 A constellation of physical and psychological factors are linked to early eating problems and distorted beliefs Developmental Risk Factors
Slide 5-

Developmental Continuum of Eating Habits and Disorders
Slide 6-

Anorexia and bulimia typically occur during adolescence Girls place greater emphasis on self-perceptions of their physical appearance more than boys Transition into Adolescence
Slide 7-

Contradictory social messages imply that women must be successful in traditional feminine and masculine roles Changes encourage smoking and other substance use to prevent impulse to binge eat and consequences of weight gain Transition into Adolescence (cont’d.)
Slide 8-

Restrictive dieting is common in North America, even among elementary school children Chronic dieting is associated with gender and developmental factors Dieting and Weight Concerns
Slide 9-

Dieting may lead to a vicious cycle of weight loss and weight gain, overeating, and the “false hope syndrome,” as well as binge eating and subsequent purging Many young people diet, but only a small minority develop eating disorders Dieting and Weight Concerns (cont’d.)
Slide 10-

The Binge-Purge Cycle
Slide 11-

Metabolic rate Body weight Growth Major hormonal determinants of physical growth rate during childhood are the growth hormone (GH) and thyroid hormone Additional gonadal steroids kick in during adolescence to produce a further growth spurt and skeletal maturation Biological Regulators
Slide 12-

Approximately one in six children and adolescents (aged 2-19) in North America are obese Childhood obesity is a chronic medical condition Is severely stigmatized in North American society and carries many social and health hazards Significantly affects children’s psychological and physical development Obesity
Slide 13-

Calculation of a Child’s BMI
Slide 14-

In U.S. and Canada, obesity rate nearly tripled for boys age 7-13 and more than doubled for girls between the early 1980s to mid-2000s Worldwide, prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has increased from 4.2% in 1990 to 6.7% in 2010 Prevalence and Development
Slide 15-

Risks include cardiovascular problems, diabetes, and elevated cholesterol and triglycerides Obesity is a major factor in reducing life expectancy in North America Preadolescent obesity is a risk factor in the later emergence of eating disorders Risks
Slide 16-

Prevalence of Obese Children in the U.S.
Slide 17-

Among U.S. children and adolescents Hispanic boys are significantly more likely to be obese than non-Hispanic White boys Non-Hispanic black girls are significantly more likely to be obese than non-Hispanic White girls U.S. has the highest percentage of overweight children in data comparing 15 industrialized countries Culture and Socioeconomic Status
Slide 18-

Problems for low-income populations Low cost and availability of fast food and junk food Diminished physical activities due to living in unsafe neighborhoods Culture and Socioeconomic Status (cont’d.)
Slide 19-

Heritability accounts for a substantial portion of the variance in obesity Leptin hormone carries instructions to the brain to regulate energy and appetite Parents determine food availability, and they model an approach to exercise and diet Family disorganization plays a role Poor communication, lack of perceived family support, and sexual and physical abuse Causes
Slide 20-

Prevention or intervention of childhood obesity involves the individual’s health and family resources Restricting diets are not usually recommended Treatment should: Address the parents’ knowledge of nutrition Increase the child’s physical activity Should instill active, less sedentary routines for both parents and child Treatment
Slide 21-

Feeding and eating disorders that occur during infancy or early childhood constitute a general diagnostic category Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder Pica Feeding and Eating Disorders
Slide 22-

Characterized by a sudden or marked deceleration of weight gain and a slowing or disruption of emotional and social development prior to age 6 Prevalence and development Affects up to one-third of young children Equally common among boys and girls Many factors lead to the initial problem There is no typical developmental outcome Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Slide 23-

Many interacting risk factors influence a child’s adaptation to a certain level of caloric intake Failure to thrive (FTT) may result from deprivation of maternal stimulation and love Causes and Treatment
Slide 24-

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder is associated with: Family disadvantage, poverty, unemployment, social isolation, parental mental illness, and maternal eating disorders (specific risk factor) Treatment involves detailed assessment of feeding behavior and parent-child interactions, while allowing parents to play a role in the infant’s recovery Causes and Treatment (cont’d.)
Slide 25-

Ingestion of inedible, nonnutritive substances (e.g., hair, insects, and paint) for a period of at least one month Affects mostly very young children and those with intellectual disability May be life-threatening if it continues into adolescence Pica
Slide 26-

Pica is more prevalent among institutionalized children and adults Especially those with severe impairments and mental retardation Affects 0.3-14.4% of children and adults with intellectual disabilities 9-25% of those in institutions Prevalence and Development
Slide 27-

Specific causes have not been isolated Vitamin or mineral deficiency No evidence of genetic factors Can be a serious and substantial problem Risk of lead poisoning or intestinal obstruction Treatments are based on operant conditioning procedures and teaching caregivers to keep the child’s environment tidy and removing dangerous substances Causes and Treatment
Slide 28-

Two important periods of adolescence for eating disorders Early passage into adolescence Transition from later adolescence to young adulthood Childhood risk factors (eating problems, dieting patterns, and negative body image) May cause teens to exert excessive control over their eating as a way to manage stress and physical changes Eating Disorders of Adolescence
Slide 29-

Characterized by refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight; intense fear of gaining weight; and significant disturbance in perception and experiences of body size DSM-5 subtypes Restricting type - individual loses weight through diet, fasting, or excessive exercise Binge-eating/purging type Anorexia Nervosa
Slide 30-

Diagnostic Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa
Slide 31-

Much more common than anorexia Primary feature is recurrent binge eating Binges are followed by compensatory behaviors (intended to prevent weight gain) in the form of two subtypes: Purging Non-purging Bulimia Nervosa
Slide 32-

Diagnostic Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa
Slide 33-

Diagnostic Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa (cont’d.)
Slide 34-

Thinking is rigid and absolutistic (all or nothing attitude) The individual either feels completely in control or completely out of control Medical consequences are severe, but not as severe as consequences resulting from anorexia Bulimia Nervosa (cont’d.)
Slide 35-

Similar to bulimia without the compensatory behaviors Involves periods of eating more than other people would, accompanied by feeling of loss of control Affects 1.5%-3% of adolescents Has negative health correlates Binge Eating Disorder
Slide 36-

Diagnostic Criteria for Binge Eating Disorder
Slide 37-

Prevalence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia among adolescents is 0.3% and 0.9%, respectively Persons with anorexia are 15% or more below normal weight and engage in binge eating only occasionally Those with bulimia are within 10% of normal weight and binge frequently; then purge to control their weight Prevalence and Development
Slide 38-

Eating disorders among boys More common than originally believed Young men place emphasis being muscular Sexual orientation and eating disorders Gay men are at greater risk for behavioral symptoms of eating disorders compared to heterosexual men Prevalence and Development (cont'd.)
Slide 39-

Anorexia occurs around the world, although it may manifest differently Bulimia is a culture-bound syndrome Arising predominately in Western regions of the world Higher SES for women was considered a risk factor in the past Upon reaching a certain level of affluence, the association between high SES and eating disorders may no longer exist Ethnic and Cross-Cultural Considerations
Slide 40-

Onset of anorexia is usually between ages 14 and 18 Often begins with dieting - gradually leads to life-threatening starvation (5% mortality rate) Fewer than one-half show full recovery; one-third show fair improvement, and one-fifth continue on a chronic course Worse outcomes are correlated with: Longer illness duration; bingeing and purging; and comorbid affective or anxiety disorders Developmental Course
Slide 41-

Onset of bulimia is in late adolescence and young adulthood Binge eating often develops during or after a period of restrictive dieting May follow a chronic course or occur intermittently Developmental Course (cont’d.)
Slide 42-

Between 50-75% of patients with bulimia show full recovery over several years Disordered eating tends to decline in early adulthood Body dissatisfaction remains an issue for many young adults Developmental Course (cont’d.)
Slide 43-

Single best predictor or risk for developing an eating disorder is being an adolescent female Biological and environmental variables are inextricably linked Biological dimension - may contribute to the maintenance of the disorder Genetic and constitutional factors Eating disorders run in families Causes
Slide 44-

Neurobiological factors Imbalances of serotonin, which regulates hunger and appetite, may be implicated Biochemical similarities have been found between people with eating disorders and those with OCD Social dimension Features of contemporary Western culture may be implicated in eating disorders Causes (cont’d.)
Slide 45-

Sociocultural factors Western culture self-worth, happiness, and success are determined primarily by physical appearance Teenage girls - weight loss and being skinny are more important than sexual issues, alcohol and drug abuse, mental health, disease, and environmental issues Mass media influences perceptions of body dissatisfaction Causes (cont’d.)
Slide 46-

Family influences Teen’s eating disorder may be functional Directing attention away from basic family conflicts Family processes may contribute to an overemphasis on weight and dietary control Child sexual abuse may be a risk factor for eating disorders, especially bulimia General risk factor for psychopathology, rather than specific risk factor for eating disorders Causes (cont’d.)
Slide 47-

Psychological dimension Hilda Bruch stated that eating disorders are related to struggle for autonomy, competence, control, and self-respect Arthur Crisp considers anorexia to be a type of phobic avoidance disorder, in which the phobic objects are normal adult body weight and shape Mood disorder is often comorbid with anorexia Causes (cont’d.)
Slide 48-

Bulimia is associated with: Mood swings, poor impulse control, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, major depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse Almost 90% of persons with eating disorders have other Axis I disorders Usually depression, anxiety, or OCD Psychological Dimension (cont'd.)
Slide 49-

Discrepancy between one’s actual self and one’s ideal self increases the likelihood of eating problems, especially among women The adolescent with bulimia or anorexia feels: Efforts to restrict diet and lose weight are ways of gaining control over her life and of becoming a better person Psychological Dimension (cont'd.)
Slide 50-

A Dynamic Perspective on the Determinants of Eating Disorders
Slide 51-

Psychological interventions: individual and/or family-based psychotherapy, sometimes accompanied by medical interventions Effectiveness is weak, especially for anorexia nervosa Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral approaches focusing on modifying abnormal eating behaviors underlying bulimia Most can be managed as outpatients Treatment
Slide 52-

Hospitalization (usually brief) is necessary for those who: Have serious complications due to comorbid diagnosis or Are at high physical and/or psychiatric risk Pharmacological antidepressants (not for initial treatment) and SSRIs may be helpful for bulimia, but not anorexia Should be used in conjunction with CBT, not just medication by itself Treatment (cont'd.)
Slide 53-

Psychosocial interventions Comprehensive treatment plans with an internist, a psychotherapist, a nutritionist, and a psychopharmacologist are more effective than medications alone Resolution of family and interpersonal problems are crucial to recovery from an eating disorder Treatment (cont’d.)
Slide 54-

Anorexia is generally less responsive to treatment than bulimia Initial phase - restoring weight and monitoring of any medical complications In a study comparing CBT and specialist supportive clinical management treatments Both groups reported improvements in quality of life and social adjustment Family interventions are often required to restore healthy communication patterns Treatment (cont’d.)
Slide 55-

Bulimia Individual or family oriented CBT works to change eating behaviors with rewards and modeling Helps patients change distorted or rigid thinking patterns Addresses underlying interpersonal issues Interpersonal therapy addresses situational and personal issues contributing to the development and maintenance of the disorder Treatment (cont’d.)