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Published on : Mar 03, 2020 | Views : 1336 | Downloads : 0

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Slide 1-

EFFECT OF PESTICIDES ON EQUATIC LIFE
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INTRODUCTION “Pesticides are chemical compounds that are used to kill pests, including insects, rodents, fungi and unwanted plants (weeds). Pesticides are used in public health to kill vectors of disease, such as mosquitoes, and in agriculture, to kill pests that damage crops.’’ Types of Pesticides Insecticides - insects. Herbicides - plants. Rodenticides - rodents (rats and mice) Bactericides - bacteria. Fungicides - fungi. Larvicides – larvae http://www.who.int
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APPLICATIONS OF PESTICIDES Agricultural applications Household applications Fish Form Applications Most pesticides used in Pakistan are insecticides (74%), followed by herbicides (14%), fungicides (9%), and fumigants (1%). www.pu.pk
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To control insect To eradicate weeds To improve crop yield The four main types of agricultural insecticides used today are pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates and biological insecticides. Agricultural Applications www.pri.org
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Household applications To kill insects Ants Cockroches crickets earwigs Sowbugs The most frequently used active ingredients are pyrethrins , propoxur and dichlorvos. https://academic.oup.com
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Applications in fish Farming To kill sea lice To eradicate sea weeds As a Antifoulant to kill plants and animals Mostly hydogen peroxide, dichlorvos, Azamethiphos, Cypermethrin and Teflubenzuron are used for this purpose. www.ukmarinesac.org
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Pathways of pesticide movement Runoff Chemical degradation Volatilize (gas vapor) Leaching and breakdown in soil Leaching and degradation by microbes Photo degradation (sun)
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Surface runoff Pesticides move in water over soil into surface water Contaminated ditches, streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes
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Leaching Move horizonatlly to nearby roots or vertically toward groundwater Movement of pesticide by water through soil Chemical characteristics that pose concern: high solubility, low adsorption, persistence
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Effect of Pesticides on equatic life Depends upon: Toxicity Exposure Time Dose Rate Persistence In The Environment. www.intechopen.com
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Exposure of pesticide to equatic lifeDepends upon: Biological Availability (Bioavailablility) Bioconcentration Biomagnification Persistence In The Environment www.intechopen.com.
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Primary ways of pesticides exposure Dermally, direct absorption through the skin by swimming in pesticide-contaminated waters, Breathing, by direct uptake of pesticides through the gills during respiration, and Orally, by drinking pesticide-contaminated water or feeding on pesticide-contaminated prey. www.intechopen.com.
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Impacts of pesticides on fish and frogs Weight Loss Low Diseases Resistance Sterility Reduced Egg Production Loss of Attention www.beyondpesticides.org Wild Steelhead. Photo by USFWS - Pacific Region
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Measures to minimize pesticides effect Reduction in use of pesticides (by up to 50% in some countries). Bans on certain active ingredients. Revised pesticide registration criteria. Training and licensing of individuals that apply pesticides. Reduction of dose and improved scheduling of pesticide application to more effectively meet crop needs and to reduce preventative spraying. Testing and approval of spraying apparatus. Limitations on aerial spraying. Environmental tax on pesticides. Promote the use of mechanical and biological alternatives to pesticides.
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