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Description : Function and characteristics of the female reproductive system

Tags : Female reproductive system,pregnancy,reproductive system

Published on : Mar 09, 2021 | Views : 2844 | Downloads : 6

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The Female Reproductive System
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Objectives To: Define what is the female reproductive system. Describe the characteristics of each of the organs associated with the system. Discuss the complementarity of structure and function of the system.
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Introduction The reproductive system is one of the body’s main organ systems by which humans and animals reproduce and bear offspring. Though this system is not essential to the survival of a human being because it does not aim at fulfilling any type of homeostatic activity, it is very important for the survival of any species.
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What is the Female Reproductive System? The female reproductive system is one of the body’s main organs systems that is responsible for procreation. It is made up of several organs that enables it to effectively carry out its function. These are: Ovaries Oviducts Uterus Vagina External Genitalia Breasts.
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Functions of the Female Reproductive System Production of female gametes. Reception of male gametes. Provision of a suitable environment for the fertilization process. Provision of an environment for the development of the fetus. Expulsion of the developed fetus to the external environment. Nutrition of newborn. Production of female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle. External FRS (genitals) – protects the internal genital organs from infectious organisms.
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Characteristics of the Ovaries The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs (oocytes) and hormones (oestrogen and progesterone). They are oval, about four centimeters long and lie on either side of the womb (uterus) against the wall of the pelvis in a region known as the ovarian fossa. They are held in place by ligaments attached to the womb but are not directly attached to the rest of the female reproductive tract, e.g., the fallopian tubes.
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Characteristics of the Ovaries
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Characteristics of the Oviducts The uterine tubes (or fallopian tubes, oviducts, salpinx) are muscular ‘J-shaped’ tubes, found in the female reproductive tract. They are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as pathways for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization of an egg by a sperm normally occurs in the fallopian tubes.
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Characteristics of the Oviducts The fallopian tube is described as having four parts (lateral to medial); Fimbriae – finger-like, ciliated projections which capture the ovum from the surface of the ovary. Infundibulum – funnel-shaped opening near the ovary to which fimbriae are attached. Ampulla – widest section of the uterine tubes. Fertilization usually occurs here. Isthmus – narrow section of the uterine tubes connecting the ampulla to the uterine cavity.
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Characteristics of the Oviducts
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Characteristics of the Uterus (womb) The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the home to a developing fetus. The uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix, which is the lower part that opens into the vagina, and the main body of the uterus, called the corpus. The corpus can easily expand to hold a developing baby. A canal through the cervix allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit.
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Characteristics of the Uterus (womb) The uterus is a thick-walled muscular organ made up of three parts; Fundus – top of the uterus, above the entry point of the uterine tubes. Body – usual site for implantation of the blastocyst. Cervix – lower part of uterus linking it with the vagina. This part is structurally and functionally different to the rest of the uterus hence it is considered as a separate anatomical structure.
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Characteristics of the Uterus (womb)
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Characteristics of the Cervix The cervix connects the vagina with the main body of the uterus, acting as a gateway between them. It is composed of two regions; the ectocervix the endocervix
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Characteristics of the Cervix The ectocervix is the portion of the cervix that projects into the vagina. It is lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium. The opening in the ectocervix, the external orifice, marks the transition from the ectocervix to the endocervical canal. The endocervical canal (or endocervix) is the more proximal, and ‘inner’ part of the cervix. It is lined by a mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium. The endocervical canal ends, and the uterine cavity begins, at a narrowing called the internal orifice.
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Characteristics of the Cervix
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Characteristics of the Vagina The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal. It is a distensible fibromuscular tube that has several roles within the female reproductive system: Sexual intercourse – receives the penis and ejaculate, assisting in its transport to the uterus. Childbirth – expands to provide a channel for delivery of a newborn from the uterus. Menstruation – serves as a canal for menstrual fluid and tissue to leave the body.
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Characteristics of the Vagina The shape of the vagina is not a round tunnel. In the transverse plane it is more like an “H” lying on the side. At the upper ending, the vagina surrounds the cervix, creating two domes (fornices or vaults): an anterior and a (deeper) posterior one. The posterior fornix is important as it acts like a natural reservoir for semen after intravaginal ejaculation. The semen retained in the fornix liquefies in the next 20-30 mins, allowing for easier permeation through the cervical canal.
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Characteristics of the Vagina
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Characteristics of the External genitalia The external genitalia are the accessory structures of the female reproductive system that are external to the vagina. They are also referred to as the vulva or pudendum. The external genitalia includes: Mons pubis Labia majora labia minora Clitoris Bartholin glands T
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Characteristics of the External genitalia The mons pubis is an inverted triangular area of fatty tissue, covered by hair-bearing skin lying on top of the pubic bone; it extends from the pubic hairline,to the glands of clitoris inferiorly .The skin of this area has many touch receptors and only a few pressure receptors. It functions as a source of cushioning during sexual intercourse. The mons pubis also contains sebaceous glands that secrete pheromones to induce sexual attraction. The labia majora ( large lips ) are two marked folds of skin that extend from the mons pubis downward and backward to merge with the skin of the perineum. They form the lateral boundaries of the vulval or pudendal cleft, which receives the openings of the vagina and the urethra. The outer surface of each labium is pigmented and hairy; the inner surface is smooth but possesses sebaceous glands.
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Characteristics of the External genitalia The labia minora (minor lips) are paired folds of smooth tissue underlying the labia majora.. The hairless skin of the labia minora has oil glands (but no sweat glands) and a few touch and pressure receptors. It serves as protective structures that surround the clitoris, urinary orifice, and vaginal orifice. The clitoris is a small erectile structure composed of two corpora cavernosa separated by a partition. Partially concealed beneath the forward ends of the labia minora, it possesses a sensitive tip of spongy erectile tissue,called the glans clitoridis .It very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect.
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Characteristics of the External genitalia The Bartholin's glands (also called Bartholin glands or greater vestibular glands) are two pea sized compound alveolar glands located slightly posterior and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina.It secrete mucus to provide vaginal lubrication during sexual arousal. The fluid may slightly moisten the labial opening of the vagina, serving to make contact with this sensitive area more comfortable.
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Characteristics of the Breasts The breasts( Mammary gland) are considered accessory organs of the female reproductive system. The function of the breasts is to supply milk to an infant in a process called lactation. The external features of the breast includes : A nipple surrounded by a pigmented areola , the areola is typically circular and can vary in size from 25 to 100 mm in diameter. The areolar region is characterized by small, raised areolar glands that secrete lubricating fluid during lactation to protect the nipple from chafing. When a baby nurses, or draws milk from the breast, the entire areolar region is taken into the mouth.
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Characteristics of the Breasts
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Characteristics of the Breasts Breast milk is produced by the mammary glands, which are modified sweat glands. The milk exits the breast through the nipple via 15 to 20 lactiferous ducts that open on the surface of the nipple. The lactiferous ducts extends to a lactiferous sinus that connects to a glandular lobe within the breast itself that contains groups of milk-secreting cells in clusters called alveoli Milk is made in the alveoli, stimulated by myoepithelial cells that surround the alveoli contract to push the milk to the lactiferous sinuses
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Characteristics of the Breasts From here, the milk can be drawn through the lactiferous ducts by suckling. The lobes are surrounded by fat tissue, that determines the size of the breast Supporting the breasts are multiple bands of connective tissue called suspensory ligaments that connect the breast tissue to the dermis of the overlying skin.
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References Female Reproductive System: Structure & Function [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic. [cited 2021Mar5]. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9118-female-reproductive-system You and Your Hormones. [cited 2021Mar5]. Available from: https://www.yourhormones.info/glands/ovaries/ The Vagina [Internet]. TeachMeAnatomy. [cited 2021Mar5]. Available from: https://teachmeanatomy.info/pelvis/female-reproductive-tract/vagina/ The Cervix [Internet]. TeachMeAnatomy. [cited 2021Mar5]. Available from: https://teachmeanatomy.info/pelvis/female-reproductive-tract/cervix/
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References The Uterus [Internet]. TeachMeAnatomy. [cited 2021Mar5]. Available from: https://teachmeanatomy.info/pelvis/female-reproductive-tract/uterus/ The Fallopian (Uterine) Tubes [Internet]. The Fallopian Tubes (Uterine) - Structure - Function - Vascular Supply. [cited 2021Mar5]. Available from: https://teachmeanatomy.info/pelvis/female-reproductive-tract/fallopian-tubes/ The Ovaries [Internet]. The Ovaries - Structure - Ligaments - Vascular Supply - Function. [cited 2021Mar5]. Available from: https://teachmeanatomy.info/pelvis/female-reproductive-tract/ovaries/
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References Female Reproductive System: Structure & Function [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic. [cited 2021Mar5]. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9118-female-reproductive-system External Genitalia:Statepearls[Internet]. Anatomy.[cited2020 Aug10]. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547703/#:~:text=The%20vulva%20is%20the%20global,%2C%20urethra%2C%20and%20vaginal%20opening. External Genitalia: Kenhub[Internet]. [cited 2021Feb28]. Available from: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/external-female-genitalia
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References Lumenlearning:Female Reproductive system.The Breast[Internet].contemporaryhealthissues .[cited No date ]. Available from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/contemporaryhealthissues/chapter/breasts/#:~:text=Whereas%20the%20breasts%20are%20located,in%20a%20process%20called%20lactation.