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Cognitive Aging PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Cognitive Aging”.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about the changes that occur in a persons cognitive abilities as they age. These changes can include declines in memory, attention, processing speed, reasoning, and decision-making abilities. While cognitive aging is a normal part of the aging process, some people may experience more significant declines than others.

There are several factors that can contribute to cognitive aging, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors. For example, chronic health conditions like diabetes or heart disease can accelerate cognitive decline, as can a lack of physical activity or poor nutrition. Additionally, exposure to toxins and pollutants can also affect cognitive function.

However, it is important to note that cognitive aging is not necessarily synonymous with cognitive impairment or dementia. While some decline in cognitive abilities is normal with age, many older adults are able to maintain good cognitive function well into their 80s and beyond. Moreover, engaging in mentally stimulating activities, such as reading, doing puzzles, or learning new skills, can help to promote cognitive health and potentially slow the rate of cognitive decline.

Tags : Cognitive Aging, Geriatrics, Geriatric Medicine, Geriatrics PowerPoint presentation

Published on : May 02, 2023 | Views : 1758 | Downloads : 1

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Slide 1-

Cognitive Aging Based on Information in: Surprenant, A.M. & Neath, I. in Wilmoth & Ferraro, Gerontology: Perspectives & Issues
Slide 2-

“…the entire person needs to be considered in order to develop a comprehensive theory of cognitive aging” (p. 89).
Slide 3-

Cognitive Aging Includes: Memory Attention Language Intelligence Brain changes “everyday functioning in familiar environments”
Slide 4-

Approaches to Studying Cognitive Aging Micro (Experimental) Macro (Psychometric) Simulation Modeling
Slide 5-

Micro (Experimental) Approaches Focus: “…describing specific tasks & processes that differ as a fx of age. Strategy: ID a subtask that can be timed; present it as a decision-making task and time the outcome. Design: Experimental with Age as the independent variable & Time as the dependent variable
Slide 6-

Macro (Psychometric) Approaches Focus: “…a broad range of cognitive processing abilities that vary with age.” Design: Correlation or Psychometric techniques. Goal: To identify commonalities—i.e., “…fundamental cognitive abilities” that differ with age.
Slide 7-

Simulation Modeling: A recent middle ground approach The Advantage: Better deals with the complexity of the effects of aging on cognition—many factors, multiples interactions among them.
Slide 8-

Study Designs: Cross-sectional “…the performance of a group of individuals from one age range is compared to that of a group from another age range.” Easiest to do, but ignores uncontrolled covariates, e.g. cohort effects, motivation, health status
Slide 9-

Study Designs: Longitudinal Follows individuals over time, testing them repeatedly—e.g., The Nuns’ Study; HRS “…allows researchers to estimate individual changes in particular abilities rather than inferring changes based on group differences Very costly!!!
Slide 10-

Meta-Analysis “…a tool for combining results from multiple experiments…to determine the true size of an effect.”
Slide 11-

So—What Do We “Know” About:
Slide 12-

Perceptual Deficits “Both visual & Auditory processing abilities decline substantially as a fx of increasing age.” Presbycusis-1/3 of 0ver-70 adults Understanding speech in noise “I can’t hear as fast as you talk.” Light sensitivity; visual acuity; color vision; contrast sensitivity. Possible Results: Limitation in activity & social function
Slide 13-

Memory A Matter of Great Concern; “…significant correlations between estimated memory ability and reports of depression.” “Older adults perform worse than younger adults on memory tests in which there are few environmental cues.” Thus:….
Slide 14-

Old people compared to younger-- Worse on Recall tests; Equivalent on recognition Worse on Explicit than Implicit tasks Worse on tasks requiring active information manipulation and only slightly worse on measures of simple memory span
Slide 15-

Prospective Memory—remembering to perform some action @ some future time Types: Time-based tasks; Event-based tasks Comparison: O.A. less well on time-based; no differences in event-based. Generalization: “Environmental support” is important for maintaining max cog. Fx.
Slide 16-

What About Intelligence?
Slide 17-

Primary Mental Abilities (PMA’s) Mathematical reasoning Word fluency and appropriate usage Verbal meaning/vocabulary level Inductive reasoning Spatial relations Verbal memory (ability to retain/recall info) Perceptual speed
Slide 18-

Types of Intelligence? Fluid: “tasks that involve quick thinking, info manipulation, activities involving allocation and reallocation of attention—rely mainly on fluid intelligence. E.g.: tests of memory, spatial relations, abstract & inductive reasoning, free recall, mental calculations
Slide 19-

Crystallized: “tasks that tap well-learned stills, language, & retrieval of well-learned material rely more on crystallized intelligence. E.g.: verbal meaning, word association, social judgement, number skills
Slide 20-

Differences with aging? Decreases—Fluid Intelligence No Decreases (actually some increases)—Crystallized Intelligence (Salthouse, et al)
Slide 21-

Explanation? Some Alternatives: 1) Slowed processing speed 2) Lack of inhibitory control 3) Perceptual processing resources (working memory capacity) reduction 4) Perceptual processing efficiency reduction
Slide 22-

Slowed processing speed: Usually measured by reaction times. Salthouse argues that decreases in speed underlie most of the “age-related” declines in cog. Fxing. If so, the question becomes: What causes the slowing?
Slide 23-

Inhibition and Control: In short, performance deficits are due to a difficulty in inhibiting irrelevant information—which leads to: Increased interference & Reduced processing resources.
Slide 24-

“…the processing account (ala Craik, et al—mid 80’s) better explains the pattern of data found in research on cognitive aging” (p. 98) The Structuralist Tradition vs. The Processing Approach
Slide 25-

Structuralist Tradition: Purpose of the science of Psych: to analyze & describe basic elements of cognition & Discover how they work
Slide 26-

Structuralist, cont’d Development: a process of maturation of structures in childhood and Deterioration in late adulthood Concept: “a partitioning of cognition”.
Slide 27-

The Processing Approach—Craik ‘86 Argues in terms of PROCESSES rather than structures. Interactional in nature. Environment Environment @ encoding @ retrieval x x x x x x x The x x Individual
Slide 28-

The combination of the person, the task, and the environment are all needed to explain age-related changes in memory.
Slide 29-

Declining Sensory Abilities as a Fx of Aging “ It is possible that speed in processing slows because basic input processes result in impoverished input that then take more time to identify and interpret.” Causality? There is a ‘chicken & egg’ problem
Slide 30-

Biological Aspects of the Aging Brain Areas of the Aging Brain—smaller, but not uniformly so. Most change in frontal lobe
Slide 31-

Can We Improve Cognitive Abilities? It’s a mixed bag. Fitness level and cognitive Fx? A highly qualified “probably”. P.M. Schwirian. 10/30/08