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Cancer and The Cell Cycle PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Cancer and the cell cycle checkpoints, reqmts to advance oncogenes tumor suppressor genes

Tags : Cancer,Cell

Published on : Dec 11, 2020 | Views : 2720 | Downloads : 5

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1. Cancer and the cell cycle checkpoints, reqmts to advance oncogenes tumor suppressor genes 2. 6 Traits of cancerous cells 3. Origins of cancerous cells
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DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA G1 Cell growth S DNA replication G2 Cell growth preparation for division Mitosis Cytokinesis Mitotic Phase (M) Interphase Interphase Interphase
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Proteins within the cell control the cell cycle Signals affecting critical checkpoints determine whether the cell will divide (cyclins, kinases) G1 checkpoint M checkpoint G2 checkpoint Control system Figure 8.9A
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In laboratory cultures, normal cells divide only when attached to a surface = anchorage dependent Anchorage, cell density, and chemical growth factors affect cell division
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Cells continue dividing until they touch one another = density-dependent inhibition Cells anchor to dish surface and divide. Figure 8.8A When cells have formed a complete single layer, they stop dividing (density-dependent inhibition). If some cells are scraped away, the remaining cells divide to fill the dish with a single layer and then stop (density-dependent inhibition).
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Growth factors are proteins secreted by cells that stimulate other cells to divide After forming a single layer, cells have stopped dividing. Figure 8.8B Providing an additional supply of growth factors stimulates further cell division.
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Growth factors bind to specific receptors on the plasma membrane to trigger cell division Growth factor Figure 8.8B Cell cycle control system Plasma membrane Receptor protein Signal transduction pathway G1 checkpoint Relay proteins
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Cancer cells have abnormal cell cycles divide excessively and form tumors
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Breast cancer cell - altered morphology Figure 8.10x1
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Traits of cancer cells 1. Independent of GROW signal from other cells often, oncogenes. Ex. ras 2. Ignores STOP signal defective damage control, so problems not corrected. Often, tumor suppressor genes. Ex. p53
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Traits of cancer cells, continued 3. No cell suicide (apoptosis) If this occurs, treatments which damage dividing cells may not work. 4. No limit to cell divisions telomeres rebuilt on ends of xsomes new treatment target: telomerase
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Traits of cancer cells, continued 5. Angiogenesis - formation of blood vessels 6. Metastasis - ability to move to other tissues benign: do not move from tumor site malignant: invasive cells, can travel in blood and lymph system
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Malignant tumors can invade other tissues and may kill the organism Tumor Figure 8.10 Glandular tissue 1 2 3 A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. Cancer cells invade neighboring tissue. Lymph vessels Cancer cells spread through lymph and blood vessels to other parts of the body. Metastasis
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How do normal cells become cancerous? Selection within tumor for “most cancerous” cells
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What is the source of oncogenes? Mutation of a normal gene = change in DNA sequence UV light, Xrays, natural or synthetic chemicals Virus (ex. HPV and cervical cancer)
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Figure 8.23A, B Deletion Duplication Inversion Homologous chromosomes Reciprocal translocation Nonhomologous chromosomes Xsomal changes can be large or small
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Xsomal translocation can activate an oncogene A chromosomal translocation in the bone marrow is associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia
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