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Visual inspection with Lugols iodine (VILI) PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Cervical Cancer, which is titled "Visual inspection with Lugols iodine (VILI)", to know about VILI and how it works, infrastructure requirements for VILI, what test results mean, test performance, strengths and limitations of VILI, and program implications in low-resource settings. VILI is Performing a vaginal speculum exam during which a health care provider applies Lugols iodine solution to the cervix. This is to view the cervix with the naked eye to identify color changes on the cervix to determine whether the test result is positive or negative for possible precancerous lesions or cancer.

Tags : Cervical Cancer, Visual inspection with Lugols iodine, VILI, vaginal speculum exam, cervix

Published on : May 13, 2021 | Views : 2149 | Downloads : 0

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Slide 1-

Visual inspection with Lugol’s iodine (VILI): Evidence to date Original source: Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention (ACCP) www.alliance-cxca.org
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Overview: Description of VILI and how it works Infrastructure requirements What test results mean Test performance Strengths and limitations Program implications in low-resource settings
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Types of visual inspection tests: Visual inspection with Lugol’s iodine (VILI), also known as Schiller’s test, uses Lugol’s iodine instead of acetic acid. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) can be done with the naked eye (also called cervicoscopy or direct visual inspection, [DVI]), or with low magnification (also called gynoscopy, aided VI, or VIAM).
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What does VILI involve? Performing a vaginal speculum exam during which a health care provider applies Lugol’s iodine solution to the cervix. Viewing the cervix with the naked eye to identify color changes on the cervix. Determining whether the test result is positive or negative for possible precancerous lesions or cancer.
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How VILI works: Squamous epithelium contains glycogen, whereas precancerous lesions and invasive cancer contain little or no glycogen. Iodine is glycophilic and is taken up by the squamous epithelium, staining it mahogany brown or black. Columnar epithelium does not change color, as it has no glycogen. Immature metaplasia and inflammatory lesions are at most only partially glycogenated and, when stained, appear as scattered, ill-defined uptake areas. Precancerous lesions and invasive cancer do not take up iodine (as they lack glycogen) and appear as well-defined, thick, mustard or saffron yellow areas.
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What infrastructure does VILI require? Private exam room Examination table Trained health professionals Adequate light source Sterile vaginal speculum New examination gloves, or HLD surgical gloves Large cotton swabs Lugol’s iodine solution and a small bowl Containers with 0.5% chlorine solution A plastic bucket with a plastic bag Quality assurance system to maximize accuracy
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Categories for VILI test results:
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VILI: test-negative The squamous epithelium turns brown and columnar epithelium does not change color. There are scattered and irregular, partial or non-iodine uptake areas associated with immature squamous metaplasia or inflammation. Photo source: IARC
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VILI: test-positive Well-defined, bright yellow iodine non-uptake areas touching the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ). Well-defined, bright yellow iodine non-uptake areas close to the os if SCJ is not seen, or covering the entire cervix. Photo source: IARC
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VILI: Suspicious for cancer Clinically visible ulcerative, cauliflower-like growth or ulcer; oozing and/or bleeding on touch. Photo source: IARC
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Management options if the VILI result is positive: Offer to treat immediately, (without colposcopy or biopsy, known as the “test-and-treat” or “single-visit” approach). Refer for colposcopy and biopsy and then offer treatment if a precancerous lesion is confirmed.
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Management options if the VILI result is suspicious for cancer: Refer for colposcopy and biopsy and further management. Further management options include: Surgery Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Palliative care
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Test performance: Sensitivity and Specificity Sensitivity: The proportion of all those with disease that the test correctly identifies as positive. Specificity: The proportion of all those without disease (normal) that the test correctly identifies as negative.
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VILI test performance: Sensitivity = 87.2% Specificity = 84.7% These results are from a cross-sectional study involving 4,444 women. (Sankaranarayanan et al., 2003).
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Strengths of VILI: Simple, easy-to-learn approach that is minimally reliant upon infrastructure. Low start-up and sustaining costs. Many types of health care providers can perform the procedure. High sensitivity results in a low proportion of false negatives. Test results are available immediately. Decreased loss to follow-up.
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Limitations of VILI: Moderate specificity may result in over-referral and over-treatment in a single-visit approach. Less accurate when used in post-menopausal women. There is a need for developing standard training methods and quality assurance measures. Rater dependent.
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Conclusions: VILI is a promising new approach. Adequate training and ongoing supervision are essential to enable health care providers to evaluate the features of a lesion and make accurate assessments. More research is needed to establish the most appropriate and feasible approach to reducing false-positives and over-treatment (when offered as part of a single-visit, “test-and-treat” approach). Properly designed studies on VILI are essential to evaluating the effectiveness in reducing cervical cancer incidence and mortality.
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References: ACCP. Visual screening approaches: Promising alterative screening strategies. Cervical Cancer Prevention Fact Sheet. (October 2002). Sankaranarayanan R, Wesley R, Thara S, Dhakad N, Chandralekha B, Sebastian P, Chithrathara K, Parkin DM, Nair MK. Test characteristics of visual inspection with 4% acetic acid (VIA) and Lugol's iodine (VILI) in cervical cancer screening in Kerala, India. International Journal of Cancer 106(3):404-408. (September 1, 2003). Sankaranarayanan R,Rajkumar R, Arrossi S, Theresa R, Esmy PO, Mahé C, Muwonge R, Parkin DM, Cherian J. Determinants of participation of women in a cervical cancer visual screening trial in rural south India. Cancer Detection and Prevention 27(6):415-523 (November-December 2003).
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For more information on cervical cancer prevention: The Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention (ACCP) www.alliance-cxca.org ACCP partner organizations: EngenderHealth www.engenderhealth.org International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) www.iarc.fr JHPIEGO www.jhpiego.org Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) www.paho.org Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) www.path.org