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The Respiratory System PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "The Respiratory System" by Elaine N. Marieb.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about the respiratory system which is responsible for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment. It includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and lungs.

The process of respiration begins when air is taken in through the nose or mouth and flows through the nasal cavity and pharynx. The air then passes through the larynx and into the trachea, which is a tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi.

The bronchi further divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles, which eventually end in tiny air sacs called alveoli. The walls of the alveoli are very thin and surrounded by tiny blood vessels called capillaries. This is where the exchange of gases takes place, with oxygen diffusing from the air in the alveoli into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide diffusing from the bloodstream into the air in the alveoli.

The lungs, which are two spongy organs located on either side of the chest, play a crucial role in the respiratory system. The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs, contracts and relaxes to help with breathing. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, creating more space in the chest cavity and allowing air to be drawn into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, it moves upward, pushing air out of the lungs.

In addition to the exchange of gases, the respiratory system also helps regulate the bodys pH balance and works in conjunction with the cardiovascular system to transport oxygen and nutrients to the bodys tissues.

Tags : Respiratory System, nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs

Published on : Jun 23, 2023 | Views : 2596 | Downloads : 11

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Slide 2-

Function of the Respiratory System Slide 13.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oversees gas exchanges (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and external environment Exchange of gasses takes place within the lungs in the alveoli(only site of gas exchange, other structures passageways Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and humidify the incoming air Shares responsibility with cardiovascular system
Slide 5-

Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity Slide 13.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa Moistens air Traps incoming foreign particles
Slide 6-

Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity Slide 13.4b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lateral walls have projections called conchae Increases surface area Increases air turbulence within the nasal cavity The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate Anterior hard palate (bone) Posterior soft palate (muscle)
Slide 7-

Paranasal Sinuses Slide 13.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Maxillary bone
Slide 8-

Paranasal Sinuses Slide 13.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Function of the sinuses Lighten the skull Act as resonance chambers for speech Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
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Pharynx (Throat) Slide 13.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx Three regions of the pharynx Nasopharynx – superior region behind nasal cavity Oropharynx – middle region behind mouth Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached to larynx The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food
Slide 11-

Structures of the Pharynx Slide 13.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Auditory tubes enter the nasopharynx Tonsils of the pharynx Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the nasopharynx Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue
Slide 12-

Larynx (Voice Box) Slide 13.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Routes air and food into proper channels Plays a role in speech Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)
Slide 13-

Structures of the Larynx Slide 13.9a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thyroid cartilage Largest hyaline cartilage Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple) Epiglottis Superior opening of the larynx Routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea
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Structures of the Larynx Slide 13.9b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vocal cords (vocal folds) Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech) Glottis – opening between vocal cords
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Trachea (Windpipe) Slide 13.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connects larynx with bronchi Lined with ciliated mucosa Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage
Slide 16-

Primary Bronchi Slide 13.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed by division of the trachea Enters the lung at the hilus (medial depression) Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches
Slide 17-

Lungs Slide 13.12a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Occupy most of the thoracic cavity Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion) Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion) Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures Left lung – two lobes Right lung – three lobes
Slide 19-

Coverings of the Lungs Slide 13.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding
Slide 20-

Respiratory Tree Divisions Slide 13.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioli Terminal bronchioli
Slide 26-

Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Slide 13.18a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thin squamous epithelial layer lining alveolar walls Pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of alveoli
Slide 28-

Gas Exchange Slide 13.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by diffusion Oxygen enters the blood Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli Macrophages add protection Surfactant coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces
Slide 29-

Events of Respiration Slide 13.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and out of the lungs External respiration – gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
Slide 30-

Events of Respiration Slide 13.20b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory gas transport – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream Internal respiration – gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries
Slide 31-

Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) Slide 13.21a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Completely mechanical process Depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure
Slide 32-

Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) Slide 13.21b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Two phases Inspiration – flow of air into lung Expiration – air leaving lung
Slide 33-

Inspiration Slide 13.22a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract The size of the thoracic cavity increases External air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in intrapulmonary volume
Slide 35-

Exhalation Slide 13.23a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage
Slide 37-

Nonrespiratory Air Movements Slide 13.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions Examples Cough and sneeze – clears lungs of debris Laughing Crying Yawn Hiccup
Slide 38-

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Normal breathing moves about 500 ml of air with each breath (tidal volume [TV]) Many factors that affect respiratory capacity A person’s size Sex Age Physical condition Residual volume of air – after exhalation, about 1200 ml of air remains in the lungs
Slide 39-

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.27a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled Approximately 1200 ml
Slide 40-

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.27b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Residual volume Air remaining in lung after expiration About 1200 ml
Slide 41-

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vital capacity The total amount of exchangeable air Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV Dead space volume Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli About 150 ml
Slide 42-

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional volume Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone Usually about 350 ml Respiratory capacities are measured with a spirometer
Slide 44-

Respiratory Sounds Slide 13.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sounds are monitored with a stethoscope Bronchial sounds – produced by air rushing through trachea and bronchi Vesicular breathing sounds – soft sounds of air filling alveoli
Slide 45-

External Respiration Slide 13.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oxygen movement into the blood The alveoli always has more oxygen than the blood Oxygen moves by diffusion towards the area of lower concentration Pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen
Slide 46-

External Respiration Slide 13.32b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbon dioxide movement out of the blood Blood returning from tissues has higher concentrations of carbon dioxide than air in the alveoli Pulmonary capillary blood gives up carbon dioxide Blood leaving the lungs is oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-poor
Slide 47-

Gas Transport in the Blood Slide 13.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oxygen transport in the blood Inside red blood cells attached to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [HbO2]) A small amount is carried dissolved in the plasma
Slide 48-

Gas Transport in the Blood Slide 13.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbon dioxide transport in the blood Most is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) A small amount is carried inside red blood cells on hemoglobin, but at different binding sites than those of oxygen
Slide 49-

Internal Respiration Slide 13.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exchange of gases between blood and body cells An opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue
Slide 52-

Neural Regulation of Respiration Slide 13.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to the brain by the phrenic and intercostal nerves Neural centers that control rate and depth are located in the medulla The pons appears to smooth out respiratory rate Normal respiratory rate (eupnea) is 12–15 respirations per minute Hypernia is increased respiratory rate often due to extra oxygen needs
Slide 54-

Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth Slide 13.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical factors Increased body temperature Exercise Talking Coughing Volition (conscious control) Emotional factors
Slide 55-

Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth Slide 13.39a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical factors Carbon dioxide levels Level of carbon dioxide in the blood is the main regulatory chemical for respiration Increased carbon dioxide increases respiration Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on the medulla oblongata
Slide 56-

Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth Slide 13.39b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical factors (continued) Oxygen levels Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery Information is sent to the medulla oblongata
Slide 57-

Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Slide 13.40a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema Major causes of death and disability in the United States
Slide 58-

Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Slide 13.40b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Features of these diseases Patients almost always have a history of smoking Labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively more severe Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common
Slide 59-

Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Slide 13.40c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Features of these diseases (continued) Most victimes retain carbon dioxide, are hypoxic and have respiratory acidosis Those infected will ultimately develop respiratory failure
Slide 60-

Emphysema Slide 13.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis Airways collapse during expiration Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest Cyanosis appears late in the disease
Slide 61-

Chronic Bronchitis Slide 13.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed Mucus production increases Pooled mucus impairs ventilation and gas exchange Risk of lung infection increases Pneumonia is common Hypoxia and cyanosis occur early
Slide 63-

Lung Cancer Slide 13.44 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the United States Increased incidence associated with smoking Three common types Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Small cell carcinoma
Slide 64-

Sudden Infant Death syndrome (SIDS) Slide 13.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Apparently healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep Some cases are thought to be a problem of the neural respiratory control center One third of cases appear to be due to heart rhythm abnormalities
Slide 65-

Asthma Slide 13.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages Response to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing
Slide 66-

Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System Slide 13.47a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lungs are filled with fluid in the fetus Lungs are not fully inflated with air until two weeks after birth Surfactant that lowers alveolar surface tension is not present until late in fetal development and may not be present in premature babies
Slide 67-

Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System Slide 13.47b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important birth defects Cystic fibrosis – oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system Cleft palate
Slide 68-

Aging Effects Slide 13.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elasticity of lungs decreases Vital capacity decreases Blood oxygen levels decrease Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decreases More risks of respiratory tract infection
Slide 69-

Respiratory Rate Changes Throughout Life Slide 13.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Newborns – 40 to 80 respirations per minute Infants – 30 respirations per minute Age 5 – 25 respirations per minute Adults – 12 to 18 respirations per minute Rate often increases somewhat with old age