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The Cardiovascular System-The Blood PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "The Cardiovascular System: The Blood”.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about the cardiovascular system which consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Blood is a specialized connective tissue that performs many vital functions in the body, including the transport of oxygen and nutrients to the bodys tissues and the removal of waste products.

Blood is composed of different components, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are the most abundant cells in the blood and are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the bodys tissues. White blood cells, or leukocytes, are important components of the immune system and help the body fight infections. Platelets are small cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting, which helps to stop bleeding.

Plasma is the liquid component of blood and makes up about 55% of its total volume. It contains water, proteins, hormones, nutrients, and waste products. Some of the proteins found in plasma include albumin, which helps to maintain blood pressure and transport certain molecules, and globulins, which play a role in the immune system.

Overall, the blood plays a critical role in maintaining the health and function of the bodys tissues and organs. Any disruptions or abnormalities in the blood can have significant health consequences, such as anemia, bleeding disorders, and infections.

Tags : Cardiovascular System, Blood, heart, blood vessels, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma, Hematology, Hematology PowerPoint presentation

Published on : May 29, 2023 | Views : 921 | Downloads : 8

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Slide 1-

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Blood
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Blood Liquid connective tissue 3 general functions Transportation Gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products Regulation pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure Protection Clotting, white blood cells, proteins
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Components of Blood Blood plasma – water liquid extracellular matrix 91.5% water, 8.5% solutes (primarily proteins) Hepatocytes synthesize most plasma proteins Albumins, fibrinogen, antibodies Other solutes include electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases and waste products Formed elements – cells and cell fragments Red blood cells (RBCs) White blood cells (WBCs) Platelets
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Formation of Blood Cells Negative feedback systems regulate the total number of RBCs and platelets in circulation Abundance of WBC types based of response to invading pathogens or foreign antigens Hemopoiesis or hemotopoiesis Red bone marrow primary site Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to develop into many different types of cells
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Formation of Blood Cells Stem cells in bone marrow Reproduce themselves Proliferate and differentiate Cells enter blood stream through sinusoids Formed elements do not divide once they leave red bone marrow Exception is lymphocytes
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Formation of Blood Cells Pluripotent stem cells produce Myeloid stem cells Give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils Lymphoid stem cells give rise to Lymphocytes Hemopoietic growth factors regulate differentiation and proliferation Erythropoietin – RBCs Thrombopoietin – platelets Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins – WBCs
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Red Blood Cells/ Erythrocytes Contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin Production = destruction with at least 2 million new RBCs per second Biconcave disc – increases surface area Strong, flexible plasma membrane Glycolipids in plasma membrane responsible for ABO and Rh blood groups Lack nucleus and other organelles No mitochondria – doesn’t use oxygen
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hemoglobin Globin – 4 polypeptide chains Heme in each of 4 chains Iron ion can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule Also transports 23% of total carbon dioxide Combines with amino acids of globin Nitric oxide (NO) binds to hemoglobin Releases NO causing vasodilation to improve blood flow and oxygen delivery
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Shapes of RBC and Hemoglobin
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Red Blood Cells RBC life cycle Live only about 120 days Cannot synthesize new components – no nucleus Ruptured red blood cells removed from circulation and destroyed by fixed phagocytic macrophages in spleen and liver Breakdown products recycled Globin’s amino acids reused Iron reused Non-iron heme ends as yellow pigment urobilin in urine or brown pigment stercobilin in feces
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Formation and Destruction of RBC’s Hemopoiesis Essay Question on Chapter 19 Examination
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Red blood cell death and phagocytosis Key: in blood in bile Macrophage in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow 1 Globin Red blood cell death and phagocytosis Key: in blood in bile Macrophage in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow Heme 2 1 Amino acids Reused for protein synthesis Globin Red blood cell death and phagocytosis Key: in blood in bile Macrophage in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow Heme 3 2 1 Amino acids Reused for protein synthesis Globin Red blood cell death and phagocytosis Transferrin Fe3+ Key: in blood in bile Macrophage in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow Heme 4 3 2 1 Amino acids Reused for protein synthesis Globin Red blood cell death and phagocytosis Transferrin Fe3+ Liver Key: in blood in bile Macrophage in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow Ferritin Heme 5 4 3 2 1 Amino acids Reused for protein synthesis Globin Red blood cell death and phagocytosis Transferrin Fe3+ Fe3+ Transferrin Liver Key: in blood in bile Macrophage in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow Ferritin Heme 6 5 4 3 2 1 Amino acids Reused for protein synthesis Globin Red blood cell death and phagocytosis Transferrin Fe3+ Fe3+ Transferrin Liver + Globin + Vitamin B12 + Erythopoietin Key: in blood in bile Macrophage in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow Ferritin Heme Fe3+ 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Amino acids Reused for protein synthesis Globin Circulation for about 120 days Red blood cell death and phagocytosis Transferrin Fe3+ Fe3+ Transferrin Liver + Globin + Vitamin B12 + Erythopoietin Key: in blood in bile Erythropoiesis in red bone marrow Macrophage in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow Ferritin Heme Fe3+ 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Amino acids Reused for protein synthesis Globin Circulation for about 120 days Red blood cell death and phagocytosis Transferrin Fe3+ Fe3+ Transferrin Liver + Globin + Vitamin B12 + Erythopoietin Key: in blood in bile Erythropoiesis in red bone marrow Macrophage in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow Ferritin Heme Biliverdin Bilirubin Fe3+ 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Amino acids Reused for protein synthesis Globin Circulation for about 120 days Bilirubin Red blood cell death and phagocytosis Transferrin Fe3+ Fe3+ Transferrin Liver + Globin + Vitamin B12 + Erythopoietin Key: in blood in bile Erythropoiesis in red bone marrow Macrophage in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow Ferritin Heme Biliverdin Bilirubin Fe3+ 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Amino acids Reused for protein synthesis Globin Stercobilin Bilirubin Urobilinogen Feces Small intestine Circulation for about 120 days Bacteria Bilirubin Red blood cell death and phagocytosis Transferrin Fe3+ Fe3+ Transferrin Liver + Globin + Vitamin B12 + Erythopoietin Key: in blood in bile Erythropoiesis in red bone marrow Macrophage in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow Ferritin Heme Biliverdin Bilirubin Fe3+ 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Amino acids Reused for protein synthesis Globin Urine Stercobilin Bilirubin Urobilinogen Feces Small intestine Circulation for about 120 days Bacteria Bilirubin Red blood cell death and phagocytosis Transferrin Fe3+ Fe3+ Transferrin Liver + Globin + Vitamin B12 + Erythopoietin Key: in blood in bile Erythropoiesis in red bone marrow Kidney Macrophage in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow Ferritin Urobilin Heme Biliverdin Bilirubin Fe3+ 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Amino acids Reused for protein synthesis Globin Urine Stercobilin Bilirubin Urobilinogen Feces Large intestine Small intestine Circulation for about 120 days Bacteria Bilirubin Red blood cell death and phagocytosis Transferrin Fe3+ Fe3+ Transferrin Liver + Globin + Vitamin B12 + Erythopoietin Key: in blood in bile Erythropoiesis in red bone marrow Kidney Macrophage in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow Ferritin Urobilin Heme Biliverdin Bilirubin Fe3+ 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Erythropoiesis Starts in red bone marrow with proerythroblast Cell near the end of development ejects nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte Develop into mature RBC within 1-2 days Negative feedback balances production with destruction Controlled condition is amount of oxygen delivery to tissues Hypoxia stimulates release of erythropoietin Essay Question on Chapter 19 Examination
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. White Blood Cells/ Leukocytes Have nuclei Do not contain hemoglobin Granular or agranular based on staining highlighting large conspicuous granules Granular leukocytes Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Agranular leukocytes Lymphocytes and monocytes
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Types of White Blood Cells
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Functions of WBCs Usually live a few days Except for lymphocytes – live for months or years Far less numerous than RBCs Leukocytosis is a normal protective response to invaders, strenuous exercise, anesthesia and surgery Leukopenia is never beneficial General function to combat invaders by phagocytosis or immune responses
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Emigration of WBCs Many WBCs leave the bloodstream Emigration (formerly diapedesis) Roll along endothelium Stick to and then squeeze between endothelial cells Precise signals vary for different types of WBCs
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WBCs Neutrophils and macrophages are active phagocytes Attracted by chemotaxis Neutrophils respond most quickly to tissue damage by bacteria Uses lysozymes, strong oxidants, defensins Monocytes take longer to arrive but arrive in larger numbers and destroy more microbes Enlarge and differentiate into macrophages
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WBCs Basophila leave capillaries and release granules containing heparin, histamine and serotonin, at sites of inflammation Intensify inflammatory reaction Involved in hypersensitivity reactions (allergies) Eosinophils leave capillaries and enter tissue fluid Release histaminase, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and effective against certain parasitic worms
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lymphocytes Lymphocytes are the major soldiers of the immune system B cells – destroying bacteria and inactivating their toxins T cells – attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells and some bacteria Natural Killer (NK) cells – attack a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain tumor cells
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Platelets/ Thrombocytes Myeloid stem cells develop eventually into a megakaryocyte Splinters into 2000-3000 fragments Each fragment enclosed in a piece of plasma membrane Disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus Help stop blood loss by forming platelet plug Granules contain blood clot promoting chemicals Short life span – 5-9 days
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Stem cell transplants Bone marrow transplant Recipient's red bone marrow replaced entirely by healthy, noncancerous cells to establish normal blood cell counts Takes 2-3 weeks to begin producing enough WBCs to fight off infections Graft-versus-host-disease – transplanted red bone marrow may produce T cells that attack host tissues Cord-blood transplant Stem cells obtained from umbilical cord shortly before birth Easily collected and can be stored indefinitely Less likely to cause graft-versus-host-disease
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hemostasis Sequence of responses that stops bleeding 3 mechanisms reduce blood loss Vascular spasm Smooth muscle in artery or arteriole walls contracts Platelet plug formation Platelets stick to parts of damaged blood vessel, become activated and accumulate large numbers Blood clotting (coagulation) Essay Question on Chapter 19 Examination
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Blood Clotting Blood clotting Serum is blood plasma minus clotting proteins Clotting – series of chemical reactions culminating in formation of fibrin threads Clotting (coagulation) factors – Ca2+, several inactive enzymes, various molecules associated with platelets or released by damaged tissues
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3 Stages of Clotting Extrinsic or intrinsic pathways lead to formation of prothrombinase Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin Thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble) forming the threads of the clot
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Blood Clotting Extrinsic pathway Fewer steps then intrinsic and occurs rapidly Tissue factor (TF) or thromboplastin leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates formation of prothrombinase Intrinsic pathway More complex and slower than extrinsic Activators are either in direct contact with blood or contained within (intrinsic to) the blood Outside tissue damage not needed Also forms prothrombinase
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Blood Clotting: Common pathway Marked by formation of prothrombinase Prothrombinase with Ca2+ catalyzes conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Thrombin with Ca2+ converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin Thrombin has 2 positive feedback effects Accelerates formation of prothrombinase Thrombin activates platelets Clot formation remains localized because fibrin absorbs thrombin and clotting factor concentrations are low
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Blood Groups and Blood Types Agglutinogens – surface of RBCs contain genetically determined assortment of antigens Blood group – based on presence or absence of various antigens At least 24 blood groups and more than 100 antigens ABO and Rh
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ABO Blood Group Based on A and B antigens Type A blood has only antigen A Type B blood has only antigen B Type AB blood has antigens A and B Universal recipients – neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies Type O blood has neither antigen Universal donor Reason for antibodies presence not clear
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Antigens and Antibodies of ABO Blood Types
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hemolytic Disease Rh blood group People whose RBCs have the Rh antigen are Rh+ People who lack the Rh antigen are Rh- Normally, blood plasma does not contain anti-RH antibodies Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) – if blood from Rh+ fetus contacts Rh-mother during birth, anti-Rh antibodies made Affect is on second Rh+ baby
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Typing Blood Single drops of blood are mixed with different antisera Agglutination with an antisera indicates the presence of that antigen on the RBC
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. End of Chapter 19 Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publishers assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of theses programs or from the use of the information herein.