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Slide 1-

The Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
Slide 2-

Functions of the Respiratory System Air Distributor Gas exchanger Filters, warms, and humidifies air Influences speech Allows for sense of smell
Slide 3-

Divisions of the Respiratory System Upper respiratory tract (outside thorax) Nose Nasal Cavity Sinuses Pharynx Larynx
Slide 4-

Divisions of the Respiratory System Lower respiratory tract (within thorax) Trachea Bronchial Tree Lungs
Slide 5-

Structures of the Upper Respiratory Tract Nose - warms and moistens air Palantine bone separates nasal cavity from mouth. Cleft palate - Palantine bone does not form correctly, difficulty in swallowing and speaking. Septum - separates right and left nostrils rich blood supply = nose bleeds. Sinuses - 4 air containing spaces – open or drain into nose - (lowers weight of skull).
Slide 6-

Structures of the Upper Respiratory Tract Pharynx - (throat) Base of skull to esophagus 3 divisions Nasopharynx - behind nose to soft palate. Adenoids swell and block. Oropharynx - behind mouth, soft palate to hyoid bone. tonsils Laryngopharynx - hyoid bone to esophagus.
Slide 7-

Structures of the Upper Respiratory Tract Pharynx Continued Changes shape to allow for vowel sounds = phonation.
Slide 8-

Structures of the Lower Respiratory Tract Larynx - voice box Root of tongue to upper end of trachea. Made of cartilage 2 pairs of folds Vestibular - false vocal cords True vocal cords
Slide 9-

Structures of the Lower Respiratory Tract larynx cont… Thyroid cartilage - adam’s apple - larger in males due to testosterone. Epiglottis - flap of skin (hatch) on trachea, moves when swallowing and speaking. closes off trachea when swallowing food
Slide 10-

Structures of the Lower Respiratory Tract Trachea (windpipe) Larynx to bronchi Consists of smooth cartilage and C shaped rings of cartilage. Tracheostomy - cutting of an opening in trachea to allow breathing.
Slide 11-

Structures of the Lower Respiratory Tract Bronchi Tubes that branch off trachea and enter into lungs Ciliated– WHY? Branches: Primary bronchi—secondary bronchi—tertiary bronchi—bronchioles Bronchioles branch into microscopic alveolar ducts. Terminate into alveolar sacs Gas exchange with blood occurs in sacs.
Slide 12-

Structures of the Lower Respiratory Tract
Slide 13-

Structures of the Lower Respiratory Tract Lungs Extend from diaphragm to clavicles Divided into lobes by fissures. Visceral pleura adheres to the lungs. Pleurisy = inflammation of the pleural lining
Slide 14-

Bronchioles (Plural – bronchi)
Slide 15-

Respiratory Physiology Pulmonary Ventilation = breathing Mechanism Movement of gases through a pressure gradient - hi to low. When atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg) is greater than lung pressure ---- air flows in = inspiration. When lung pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure ---- air flows out = expiration.
Slide 16-

Respiratory Physiology Pressure gradients are established by changes in thoracic cavity. increase size in thorax = a decrease in pressure --- air moves in. Decrease size in thorax = increase in pressure --- air moves out.
Slide 17-

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes6.htm
Slide 18-

Inspiration -contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Slide 19-

Expiration relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Slide 20-

Volumes of Air Exchange Tidal volume - amount of air exhaled normally after a typical inspiration. Normal - about 500 ml Expiratory Reserve volume - additional amount of air forcibly expired after tidal expiration (1000 - 1200 ml). Inspiratory Reserve volume - (deep breath) amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled over and above normal. Residual volume - amount of air that stays trapped in the alveoli (about 1.2 liters).
Slide 21-

Volumes of Air Exchange Vital capacity - the largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of the lungs. Vital capacity = sum of IRV+TV+ERV Depends of many factors size of thoracic cavity posture volume of blood in lungs  congestive heart failure, emphysema, disease, etc…
Slide 22-

Volumes of Air Exchange Eupnea - normal quiet breathing, 12-17 breaths per minute. Hyperpnea - increase in breathing to meet an increased demand by body for oxygen. Hyperventilation - increase in pulmonary ventilation in excess of the need for oxygen. Someone hysterical Breathe into exertion paper bag. Hypoventilation - decrease in pulmonary ventilation. Apnea - temporary cessation of breathing at the end of normal expiration.
Slide 23-

Heimlich Maneuver Lifesaving technique that is used to open a windpipe that is suddenly obstructed. Air already in lungs used to expel object.
Slide 24-

Heimlich Maneuver Technique - Conscious victim Ask the victim if he/she can talk Stand behind victim and wrap your arms around their waist. Make a fist with one hand and grasp it with the other hand. Place thumb side of fist below xiphoid process and above navel. Thrust your fist in and upward - about 4 times. DO NOT press on ribs or sternum
Slide 25-

Heimlich Maneuver Technique - Unconscious victim Catch victim if they begin to fall - place on floor face up. Straddle hips Place one hand on top of other on the victims abdomen - above navel and below xiphoid process. Forceful upward thrusts with heel of hand - several times if necessary.
Slide 26-

Review Questions 1 Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? A. influence speech B. Distribution of oxygen to cells C. Filtration of air D. Warming of air B
Slide 27-

2 The common name for the trachea is _______ Windpipe
Slide 28-

3 The structure known as the Adam’s Apple located in neck is the _____ Thyroid Cartilage
Slide 29-

4 The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are the Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles D
Slide 30-

5 The flap or opening to the trachea is the Larynx Pharynx Epiglottis Vocal cords
Slide 31-

6 The structure that separates the right and left nasal cavities is the ____________ Septum
Slide 32-

7 The incorrect formation of the palantine bone during gestation is known as a __________ Cleft Palate
Slide 33-

8 During inspiration which of the following does not occur? Diaphragm contracts Intercostals relax Diaphragm flattens Size of thorax increases B
Slide 34-

9 Which of the following activities is the best analogy of respiration? Exchanging gifts Giving a gift Receiving a gift Sitting in a chair A
Slide 35-

10 Air is forced into the lungs by the contraction of the… Alveoli Bronchioles Diaphragm Heart C