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Skin Cancer PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Skin Cancer, which is titled "Skin Cancer", to know about skin cancer, an abnormal change in the skin resulting from uncontrolled cellular growth. Also learn about the three main types of skin cancer, i.e., Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), and Melanoma.

Tags : Skin Cancer, uncontrolled cellular growth, types of skin cancer, Basal Cell Carcinoma, BCC, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, SCC, Melanoma

Published on : Jul 05, 2021 | Views : 2837 | Downloads : 3

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Skin Cancer
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Skin Cancer
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What is Cancer? Changes to the DNA of a cell (mutations) lead to cellular damage Mutations enable cancer cells to divide continuously, without the need for normal signals In some cancers the unchecked growth results in a mass, called a tumor Cancerous cells may invade other parts of the body interfering with normal body functions
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What is Cancer? Although cancer is often referred to as if it were a single disease, it is really a diverse group of diseases that affects many different organs and cell types The likelihood of developing any particular cancer depends on an individual’s genetics, environment, and lifestyle. The occurrence of some cancers may be prevented/reduced by wise lifestyle choices.
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Introduction to Skin
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The skin is the body’s largest organ Roles of the skin: Prevents water loss (dehydration) Shields the internal organs in the event of injury Regulates body temperature Senses outside stimulus such as touch as well as heat and cold Serves as a barrier to infection (14) Introduction to Skin
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Skin Cancer Basics An abnormal change in the skin resulting from uncontrolled cellular growth There are three main types of skin cancer: Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) Melanoma
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Statistics (7) According to the American Cancer Society skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States, with over 1 million cases diagnosed per year. Over 10,000 deaths estimated yearly in the U.S. Survival rates are very good when skin cancer is detected early 5 year survival rates: Localized melanoma – 99% Regional melanoma – 65% Distant melanoma – 15% Skin Cancer Statistics
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Skin Cancer Statistics Basal Cell Carcinoma 250,000 Squamous Cell Carcinoma 850,000 Melanoma 60,000 U.S. Estimated Skin Cancer Cases (2007) From ACS Facts and Figures 2007
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Skin Cancer Statistics Melanoma 8,110 Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma 2,000 U.S. Estimated Skin Cancer Deaths (2007) From ACS Facts and Figures 2007
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Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) Basal Cells Form the deepest layer (basal layer) of the epidermis Function as the precursors of all the skin cells above them
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Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) About BCC Least dangerous of the skin cancers, grows slowly, and rarely spreads beyond original location Easily detected and treated Though seldom life-threatening, if untreated it can grow beneath the skin into underlying tissue and bone causing serious damage Statistics Most common skin cancer Estimated 800,000 to 900,000 people diagnosed yearly One out of every three cancers diagnosed is BCC (7)
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Basal Cell Carcinoma Images Courtesy of: The Skin Cancer Foundation, www.skincancer.org Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) NOTE: Many non-cancerous skin blemishes will have some of these traits. It is important to have any suspicious areas evaluated by a doctor. Appearance Open sores, reddish patches, shiny bump, pink growth, scar like area
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Reprinted with permission from the American Academy of Dermatology. All rights reserved. Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) Major Risk Factors Exposure to sunlight/sunburns Especially - face, neck, bald scalp, hands, shoulders, arms, back, rim of ear, and lower lip Fair skin Blonde or red hair Blue, green or gray eyes Frequent or long exposure to sun (2) Treatment Can usually be removed by: Surgical excision Destroying tumor with electrical current (electrodessication) Freezing tumor (cryosurgery) Radiation is used in some cases
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) Squamous Cell Most abundant cells in the skin Located primarily in the epidermis (2)
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) About SCC Abnormal growth of squamous cells Can spread to other areas (metastasize) and cause death, but this is rare Most cases are not dangerous if detected and treated early Considered “more aggressive” than basal cell carcinoma, although they are both highly treatable Reprinted with permission from the American Academy of Dermatology. All rights reserved.
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) Statistics for U.S. Estimated 200,000 to 300,000 people diagnosed yearly Second most common cancer diagnosed 1,000 – 2,000 deaths yearly Most cases are easily cured when caught early (7)
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Images Courtesy of: The Skin Cancer Foundation, www.skincancer.org Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) NOTE: Many non-cancerous skin blemishes will have some of these traits. It is important to have any suspicious areas evaluated by a doctor. Appearance Wart-like growth, scaly red patch(es), open sore(s) Often appear as elevated growths with a central depression
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) Major Risk Factors Exposure to sunlight/sunburns Especially - face, neck, bald scalp, hands, shoulders, arms, back, rim of ear, and the lower lip Fair skin Blonde or red hair Blue, green or gray eyes Frequent or long exposure to sun (2) Treatment Can usually be removed by: Surgical excision Destroying tumor with electrical current (electrodessication) Freezing tumor (cryosurgery) Radiation is used in some cases
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Melanoma Basal Layer Melanocytes in Basal Layer Cells involved: Melanocytes Found in the basal layer of the epidermis Responsible for the production of skin pigment (melanin)
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Melanoma Statistics in the U.S. Responsible for 75% of deaths due to skin cancer Estimated over 60,000 people diagnosed in 2007 Highest death rate of all skin cancers One American dies of melanoma almost every hour Melanoma is the third most common cancer in women aged 20 - 39 Estimated 8,110 deaths in 2007 (7)
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About Melanoma More likely to metastasize than other types of skin cancer Increased ability to spread makes melanoma more dangerous When melanoma spreads to other parts of the body, it becomes very difficult to treat (3) Reprinted with permission from the American Academy of Dermatology. All rights reserved. Melanoma
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Appearance Tumors generally brown or black due to increased melanin production Frequently appear on the trunk and lower legs but can occur anywhere on the body including the soles of the feet and between fingers/toes. Melanoma Images Courtesy of: The Skin Cancer Foundation, www.skincancer.org Melanoma
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Melanoma Treatment Surgical removal of the primary tumor Removal of surrounding tissue for staging purposes Removal and examination of any additional suspicious growths Chemotherapy and radiation may be used in advanced cases Biological treatments including interleukin 2 (IL-2) Investigational treatments
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Melanoma Major Risk Factors Exposure to ultraviolet radiation Sun Tanning Lamps No ethnic group is immune to skin cancer Other Risk Factors Blonde or red hair – blue, green, or gray eyes People with more moles are at a higher risk Family and personal history of melanoma Fair complexion Image courtesy of NASA
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Detection of Skin Cancer ABCDE’s of Skin Cancer (3) These are the general characteristics used to identify skin growths of possible concern A – asymmetry – one half doesn’t look like the other B – border – irregular, ragged or blurred edges C – color – a mixture of colors or marks that change color D – diameter – a growth more than 6 millimeters across E – evolution – changes in shape, size or color Note that not every skin cancer will have all of the following characteristics. Medical advice should be sought for any suspicious area or when an existing mark has a change in appearance
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Detection of Skin Cancer Images Courtesy of: The Skin Cancer Foundation, www.skincancer.org Asymmetry Border Color Diameter
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Know the Flow: Melanoma
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The Big Risk: Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Understanding UV Radiation The nuclear reactions that fuel the sun and other stars release an enormous amount of energy This energy is emitted as radiation of several kinds, including visible light and the heat that warms the earth UV light is a type of high energy (short wavelength) radiation that is produced by the sun There are three types of UV radiation: UVA, UVB, UVC UV RADIATION IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF SKIN CANCER
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Ultraviolet Radiation UVA: Longest UV wavelength (400 - 315) nm Can be harmful to humans Very little absorbed by the atmosphere Not absorbed by the ozone layer Responsible for most sunburns Penetrates deeper into the skin than other UV wavelengths Long term exposure can cause significant damage to skin including blemishes, wrinkles and possibly cancer
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Ultraviolet Radiation UVB: Middle UV wavelength (315 - 280 nm) May be harmful to humans Approximately 90% absorbed by the atmosphere Mostly absorbed by the ozone layer Responsible for most sunburns Penetrates skin and is absorbed by DNA Causes DNA damage leading to cancer UVC: shortest UV wavelength (280 - 100 nm) Not harmful to humans Completely absorbed by the atmosphere
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Ultraviolet Radiation Other bad things from UV radiation Immune System Suppression (17) Impairs the body’s ability to fight disease May activate viruses already in skin Can promote cancers and worsen infectious diseases caused by bacteria Research is ongoing to discover more Eye Disorders (20) Cataracts Cancer of skin surrounding the eyes Burns caused by overexposure to UV light Macular degeneration: damage to the central part of the retina Pterygium: non-cancerous growth on the corner of the eye that can partially block vision
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Solar Radiation and the Earth’s Atmosphere
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Vitamin D Vitamin D The Sun and You Benefits of the SUN The sun triggers Vitamin D synthesis, which is good for the body Only SMALL amounts of sunlight are needed (10-15 minutes; NOT a suntan) Vitamin D is found in foods such as eggs, fish, and cheese
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American Cancer Society Recommendation “Slip! Slop! Slap! Wrap!” Slip on a shirt, Slop on 15 SPF (or higher) sunscreen, Slap on a hat, Wrap on sunglasses before any exposure to the sun. * From ACS Skin Cancer Fact Sheet 2006 Prevention Image courtesy of NASA
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Prevention Limit Time Limiting Exposure The sun’s UV rays are the strongest between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., limit exposure to the sun during these hours if possible Exposure varies with times of the year and areas of the world Sunny seasons provide the most UV exposure
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Prevention: Sunscreen Reducing Risk While Being Exposed SUNSCREEN!  Your personal ozone layer! Blocks most UV radiation, although not all of it Different SPF numbers (Sun Protection Factors) SPF 15, 30, 45, etc. The higher SPF equals a longer period of protection Sunscreen wears off, so it must be reapplied every few hours…especially when sweating, swimming, or toweling off
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Prevention “Most people benefit from sunscreens with sun protection factor (SPF) numbers of 15 or more. The SPF number gives you some idea of how long you can stay in the sun without burning. For example, if you burn in 10 minutes without sunscreen and you apply a liberal dose with a SPF number of 15, you should be protected from sunburn for 150 minutes. Although sunscreens with identical SPF numbers give you equivalent sunburn protection from UVB rays, no sunscreen product screens out all UVA rays. Some may advertise UVA protection, but there is no system to rate UVA protection yet.” (4)
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Prevention: SPF by the Numbers SPF = number of minutes required to get the equivalent of 1 minute of unprotected exposure Example: SPF 30 30 minutes in the sun = 1 minute of unprotected exposure (8)
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Prevention SUNSCREEN…USE IT! “In 2003, only 14% of high school students reported routine sunscreen or sunblock use with an SPF of 15 or higher when outside for more than 1 hour on a sunny day, and this rate has remained unchanged since 1999.” (18)
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Sunscreen CAN Reduce SunBURN
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Prevention Protective Accessories (8) Clothing Provides UV radiation protection Loose fitting, long-sleeved shirts and long pants made from tightly woven fabric offer the best protection Typical lightweight t-shirts worn in the summer provide less protection than a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher
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Prevention Protective Accessories (8) Hats Hats can help shield your skin from the sun’s UV rays Wear hats with a brim that shades the face, ears, and the back of the neck Umbrellas Must be opaque, not transparent
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Tanning Dangers of Tanning (5) Causes skin cancer! Cosmetic issues Leathery skin, wrinkled skin Can suppress the immune system Premature aging of the skin
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Tanning Truths Some Tanning Truths “Tanning not only increases the risk for melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma, but accelerates skin aging” James M. Spencer, MD, director of dermatologic surgery at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City (12) Five or more sunburns doubles your risk of developing skin cancer (13)
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Tanning Myths Myth: Tanning is okay (5) Reality NO! Tanning provides excessive exposure to harmful UV radiation, which can cause skin cancer “A tan is actually the result of skin injury…[w]hen a person's skin darkens from a tan, it is an indication that damage has occurred to the skin and the skin is trying to protect itself by producing more pigment or melanin.” James Spencer, MD, FAAD, professor of clinical dermatology at Mount Sinai School of Medicine (6) Using tanning oil will not prevent sun damage
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Tanning Myths Myth: Tanning beds are safer than the sun Reality NO! Most tanning bed lamps emit both UVA and UVB rays A study from Dartmouth in 2002 showed tanning bed users had 2.5 times the risk of SCC and 1.5 times the risk for BCC. (19) “Indoor tanning…is a dangerous practice leading to a vast array of adverse effects” (10)
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About 36.8% of the white female adolescents in the US report using a tanning bed at least once (11) Ohh yeah that looks healthy! Artificial Tanning Tanning Salon Statistics (12) $2 billion-a-year industry in the U.S. Up to 28 million Americans tan indoors annually There are about 25,000 tanning salons across the country Adolescent females report the highest usage
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Artificial Tanning Sunlamps and Tanning Beds Emit both UVA and UVB rays Can cause deep skin damge Increases the risk for SCC and melanoma May be linked to immune system damage Can cause premature aging of the skin Currently 25 states have laws prohibiting the use of tanning beds by minors (9) NOT GOOD FOR YOUR SKIN!
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UV Radiation Myths Myth: Clouds block UV radiation (16) Reality Not really A thin layer of clouds can let up to 80% of UV rays through A thick layer of cloud cover can block most but not all UV rays Myth: Clothes block UV radiation (8) Reality Somewhat correct A white, dry cotton shirt provides less protection than sunscreen with an SPF of 15 Fabric that allows light through also allows UV ray’s through Wet clothing allows about 50% transmission of UV radiation
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UV Radiation Myths Myth: Water doesn’t reflect UV radiation (8) Reality Yes it does! Sand and concrete reflect 15% of UV radiation Water reflects less than 10% of UV radiation Snow reflects 80% of UV radiation
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Cancer Myths Myth: Darker skinned people don’t get skin cancer Reality False! They are at risk for skin cancer and most frequently at risk for melanoma Frequent areas from cancer in darker skinned people are palms, soles, under nails, in the mouth, or on genitalia NO ONE is 100% risk free from skin cancer
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Check Yourself Before You Wreck Yourself Be in tune with your body Pay attention to things inside and out As always, if you are unsure about something seek professional help A simple exam can be done to check for skin cancer Check all areas of the skin Focusing on the face, arms, neck and torso Also, DON’T SMOKE it’s terrible for you!
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References Basal Cell Carcinoma. The Skin Cancer Foundation. 2006. http://www.skincancer.org/basal/index.php (accessed 6/12/06) Squamous Cell Carcinoma. The Skin Cancer Foundation. 2006 http://www.skincancer.org/squamous/index.php (accessed 6/12/06) American Cancer Society. Learn About Skin Cancer – Melanoma. 2007. http://www.cancer.org/docroot/lrn/lrn_0.asp Sunscreens and Sun-Protective Clothing. Federal Trade Commission. May 2001. www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/health/sun.htm (accessed 7/3/2006) The Darker Side of Tanning. American Academy of Dermatology http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/consumer/tanning.html, (accessed 6/29/2006) Innovative Public Service Advertisement Campaign Sends Strong Message To Teens About Dangers Of Indoor Tanning American Academy of Dermatology. October 19 2006. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=54504 (accessed 11/13/2006) American Cancer Society Cancer Facts and Figures, 2007. American Cancer Society Publication. Atlanta, GA. 2007.
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American Cancer Society. Skin Cancer Prevention and Early Detection . http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/ped_7_1_Skin_Cancer_Detection_What_You_Can_Do.asp (accessed11/13/06). Tanning Restrictions for Minors A State-by-State Comparison. March 2007. http://www.ncsl.org/programs/health/tanningrestrictions.htm Jody A. Levine MD, Michael Sorace MD, James Spencer MD and Daniel M. Siegel MD. The indoor UV tanning industry: A review of skin cancer risk, health benefit claims, and regulation. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Volume 53, Issue 6, December 2005, Pages 1038-1044. Catherine A. Demko, PhD; Elaine A. Borawski, PhD; Sara M. Debanne, PhD; Kevin D. Cooper, MD; Kurt C. Stange, MD, PhD. Use of Indoor Tanning Facilities by White Adolescents in the United States. Arch Pediatric Adolescent Medicine. 2003;157:854-860. The Skin Cancer Foundation. The Case Against Indoor Tanning. 2007. http://www.skincancer.org/artificial/index.php References
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Pfahlberg A, Kolmel KF, Gefeller O. Adult vs childhood susceptibility to melanoma: Is there a difference? Arch Dermatol, Sep 2002; 138: 1234 – 1235. Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, 10/e. Eric P. Widmaier, Hershel Raff, Kevin T. Strang. 2006. McGraw-Hill Inc: New York, New York. Ries LAG, Harkins D, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2003, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2003/, based on November 2005 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, 2006. Carolyn Strange. Thwarting Skin Cancer with Sun Sense. FDA Consumer Magazine (July-August 1995) http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/695_skincanc.html (accessed 7/5/07) Stephen E. Ulrich. Mechanisms underlying UV-induced immune suppression. Mutation Research (571) 185-205. 2005 Sherry Everett Jones, Mona Saraiya. Sunscreen Use Among US High School Students, 1999-2003 Journal of School Health, April 2006, Vol. 76, 4, 150-153. References
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References Margaret R. Karagas; Virginia A. Stannard; et al. Use of Tanning Devices and Risk of Basal Cell and Squamous Cell Skin Cancers Journal of the National Cancer Institute; Feb 6, 2002; 94, 3; Research Library pg. 224 World Health Organization. Global disease burden from solar ultraviolet radiation. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs305/en/index.html