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Schizophrenia PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "The Brain Gone Bad” by Jaime A. Pineda, PhD.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about schizophrenia, a mental disorder that affects a persons ability to think, feel, and behave clearly. It is a chronic and severe mental illness that usually develops in the late teenage years or early adulthood. Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of the worlds population.

Symptoms of schizophrenia can include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, and problems with thinking and concentration. People with schizophrenia may also experience mood disorders such as depression or mania.

The exact cause of schizophrenia is not known, but research suggests that a combination of genetic, environmental, and brain chemistry factors may play a role. Treatment for schizophrenia often involves a combination of medication and therapy to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

It is important to seek professional help if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia. Early intervention can improve outcomes and help individuals manage their symptoms effectively.

Tags : schizophrenia, mental disorder, delusions, hallucinations, disordered thinking, abnormal behaviors, Neurology, Neurology PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 20, 2023 | Views : 1988 | Downloads : 2

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Slide 1-

1 Psychopathology Schizophrenia Signs & symptoms Possible Causes Nursing Diagnoses Treatment & care Plans Teaching plans
Slide 2-

2 Psychopathology Prevalence - 20% (12 months period) Anxiety disorder - most prevalent Mood disorder (collectively) Alcohol disorders Major depression Comorbidity - 17% Help seeking - 60-80%
Slide 3-

3 Understanding Psychopathology Organized knowledge - understand Operational definition - communicate Criteria for diagnosis - DSM IV Behavior - subjective/ objective Etiology - nature/nurture
Slide 4-

4 Schizophrenia the most debilitating mental illnesses Greek terms - "splitting of the mind” do not have more than one distinct personality distortions in their perceptions, feelings, and relationships with the world around them. 1% of the population suffer (in 12 m period)
Slide 5-

5 The mental health continuum for schizophrenia Mild Moderate Severe Psychosis Anxiety Anxiety Cause Physical conditions Anxiety disorder Somatoform disorders Dissociative disorders Personality disorders Grief Major depression
Slide 6-

6 Epidemiology 95% of sufferers – lasts a lifetime 1/3 of homeless suffer from Schizo 15% no respond to med; 75% partial effective 20-50% attempt suicide 10% kill themselves 20% shorter life expectancy 25% experience secondary depression
Slide 7-

7 Causes of Schizophrenia Genetic factors Chemical imbalance & physical abnormalities – neurotransmitters, brain structures Biological factors – age, virus, … Environmental factors – chr. Life stressors, changes, …
Slide 8-

8 Causes - genetic influences Identical twin affected 50% Fraternal twin affected 15% Both parent affected 35% One parent affected 15% Brother or sister affected 10% No affected relative 1%
Slide 9-

9 Signs & symptoms Alterations in personal relationships Alternations of activity Altered perception Alterations of thought Distorted thinking Altered consciousness Alterations of affect
Slide 10-

10 Bleular's 4 A's Autism - preoccupation with the self with little concern for external reality Associative looseness - the stringing together of unrelated topics Ambivalence - simultaneous opposite feelings Affective disturbance - inappropriate, blunted, or flattened affect
Slide 11-

11 Positive Symptoms- recognizable Positive (type I) symptoms; delusion (fixed false beliefs), hallucination (false perception) Excess dopamine in the limbic system -> embellishments of normal cognition and perception Responsive to antipsychotics
Slide 12-

12 Negative Symptoms- what is missing Lack of affect or energy Attribute to cortical dysfunction ie atrophy, decreased cerebral blood flow, increased ventricular brain ratios, and a hypodopaminergic state. Overactive glutamate in the prefrontal cortex stimulates dopamine receptors in the limbic area Secondary to medications, hospitalization, loss of social support, and economic decline…
Slide 13-

13 Diagnostic criteria S & S - At least 2 of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms Social/occupational dysfunction Duration - continuous signs of the disturbance for at least 6 months Not caused by substance abuse or a general medical disorder
Slide 14-

14 Prodromal symptoms A month or a year before the onset Deterioration in previous functioning, withdrawn from others, lonely, depressed Vague plan for the future Neurotic symptoms ie. Ac /chr anxiety, phobia, difficulty in concentration, misinterpretation, Feelings of rejection, lack of self-respect,
Slide 15-

15 Subjective Signs Reported by the client Altered perceptions, thought processes & content, consciousness, and affect May induce the pt to seek psychiatric help
Slide 16-

16 Alterations in thinking Thought broadcasting Thought insertion Thought withdrawal Delusions of being controlled Delusion of persecution, grandeur, Ideas of reference, somatic delusions, Associative looseness; neologisms; concrete thinking; echolalia; clang association; word salad
Slide 17-

17 Alternations in Perception, behavior Hallucinations – auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, tactile Bizarre behavior – extreme motor agitation, stereotyped behavior, automatic obedience, waxy flexibility, stupor, negativism Agitated behavior – poor impulse control
Slide 18-

18 Objective Signs Observed directly by nurse Altered relationships, hygiene, social skills, communication, and psychomotor activity Frighten others may lead to involuntary psychiatric intervention
Slide 19-

19 Subtypes of schizophrenia Paranoid - preoccupied with one or more delusion Disorganized - disorganized speech, behavior; poor attention; inappropriate affect Catatonic - waxy flexibility or purposeless excessive motor activity, mutism, stupor Undifferentiated - Residual - negative symptoms.
Slide 20-

20 Other psychotic disorders Schizoaffective disorder – Scho symptoms are dominant + major manic or depressive symptoms Delusional disorder – delusions have basis in reality, but no schizo Brief psychotic disorder – psychosis lasts less than 1 M Schizophreniform disorder – 6M < - > 1M
Slide 21-

21 Nursing diagnoses Altered nutrition: less than body requirements Risk for violence directed at self or others Self-care deficit: feeding, bathing, dressing/ grooming, toileting Noncompliance with medications Ineffective individual/ family coping Self-esteem disturbance Altered thought processes
Slide 22-

22 Psychotherapeutic management Provide supportive care Strengthen patient’s self-esteem Treat patients as adults Prevent failure/ embarrassment Respect individuality - unique Reinforce reality Handle hostility calmly & matter-of-factly
Slide 23-

23 Issues related to Schizophrenia Family ⇔ the patient communication, overprotection, blaming Non-compliance with medical regimen Caregiver’s needs - cope with strange and frightening behaviors ie. apathy, poor personal hygiene, violence
Slide 24-

24 Issues related to Schizophrenia (II) Depression - part of the symptoms, be masked during acute stage Relapse - stressors, noncompliance Stress & coping - Substance abuse -30% have dual Dx., cause (-) effect on the treatment & poor outcomes Work - no work, inability, no motivation
Slide 25-

25 Depression and Suicide in Schizo Depression is a natural part of schizo Depression can be masked especially during the acute phase Depression is a reaction to schizo
Slide 26-

26 Delusion & Nursing Intervention presenting reality, orient pts to time, person & place avoid argument, touch, competitive activities, reinforce positive behaviors encourage verbalization
Slide 27-

27 Disruptive Behavior Set limit decrease environmental stimuli intervention before acting out close observation safety environment - minimize potential weapons making contract with the client using restraints
Slide 28-

28 Withdrawn Patients arrange nonthreatening activities encourage participation - seating provide remotivation and resocialization group experience reinforce appropriate grooming and hygiene provide psychosocial rehabilitation - social skill training, ...
Slide 29-

29 Suspicious Patients Be matter-of-fact; (ie DST for depression) avoid close physical contact - no touch be consistent in activities offer special food avoid whisper Maintain eye contact
Slide 30-

30 Hyperactivity Patients Allow pt to stand for a few min in group Provide a safe environment Provide activities that do not require fine motor skills
Slide 31-

31 Immobility Patients Minimize circulatory problem Provide adequate diet, exercise, and rest Prevent victimization
Slide 32-

32 Nursing interventions Medication compliance- 40-60% noncompliance Avoid reinforcing hallucinations & delusion Maintain orientation Use touch minimally and judiciously Avoid easily misinterpreted behavior Reinforce positive behaviors Avoid competitive activities, Allow & encourage expression of feelings
Slide 33-

33 Nursing interventions- Milieu management clear & realistic limits; consistency; Supportive environment – structured, predictable reduced stimulation early intervention for escalating behavior safety for the pt and others opportunity for nonthreatening social interaction remotivating and resocializing group Communication skills
Slide 34-

34 Nursing interventions –Family therapy Involve the family – use appropriate community resources Educate the family – chr. dis, S/S of relapse, med compliance, Provide an outlet for the family – discuss feelings, explore alternative effective coping skills.
Slide 35-

35 Psychotherapy Individual Th – supportive therapy Group Th – interpersonal skills, family problems, community support Family Th – expand social network, problem-solving capacity, lower the emotional overinvolvement of families
Slide 36-

36 Case Management Limited hospital stay, 3rd party payment Discharge planning – transitional care Partial hospitalization, halfway houses, day treatment programs Community resources – NAMI, Schizophrenics Anonymous, …
Slide 37-

37 Schizophrenia & violence Myth - tends to be violent – perhaps perpetuated by the media Fact- more likely to be victims than perpetrators of violence Violence in this population may be r/t homicidal delusion
Slide 38-

38 Schizophrenia and comorbidities Hypertension, obesity, and diabetes -> death from cardiac disease is higher than in the Atypical medications create weight gain, worsening cholesterol and triglycerides levels and diabetes Tobacco use, smoking -> heart disease
Slide 39-

39 The Negative Impact of Severe Mental Illness Impairment – hallucination, depression Dysfunction – lack of work adjustment skills, social skills, or ADL skills Disability – unemployment, homelessness Disadvantage – discrimination, poverty
Slide 40-

40 Nurse’s feelings & self-assessment Pt’s anxiety, loneliness, dependence, distrust -> N’s uncomfort Feelings of helplessness -> anxiety -> defensive behaviors ie denial, withdrawal, avoidance -> burnout Peer group supervision can be helpful Periodic reassessment of Tx goals,
Slide 41-

41 Family/care taker education Teaching about the disease –S/S Medication teaching and side-effect management Cognitive & social skills enhancement Identifying signs of relapse Attention to deficit in self-care, social and work functioning Exploration of community resources
Slide 42-

42 Signs of Potential Relapse Feeling of tension Difficulty concentrating Trouble sleeping Increased withdrawal Increased bizarre/ magic thinking
Slide 43-

43 Schizophrenia - overview Diagnosis - criteria Prevalence - age and gender Course of illness - phases, warning signs Medication management - side effect, coping Psychosocial rehabilitation - ind, gr, fam… Community resources Stress management
Slide 44-

44 Review of antipsychotics Typical & atypical med/ type I & II S/S Clozaril – arrhythmia, agranurocytosis Anticholinergic drugs -> memory impaired High-potency -> EPSEs, NMS Low-potency drugs -> anticholinergic symptoms Half-life of the medication – safety, elderly Reduced rate of relapse (about 2.5 times less)
Slide 45-

45 Care of Hallucinations & Delusions Hallucinations Content of hallucination – commanding H -> suicidal or homicidal N’s attitude – nonjudgmental, nonthreatening Eye contact, louder voice, call the person by name Delusion Be empathic - Clarify the reality of the pt’s intent Clarify misinterpretations of the environment No argument
Slide 46-

46 Great wall, China