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Pneumocystis Carinii PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : this power point is about the organism pneumocystis carinii

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Published on : Nov 10, 2022 | Views : 1851 | Downloads : 0

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Pneumocystis carinii Supervisor : Dr.Sohrab rasouli Presenters : Amirmahdi bazdar , Saba asef shayan
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Table of contents
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IntroductionIntroduce the organism Scientific name : pneumocystis jirovecii yeast-like fungus of the genus Pneumocystis The causative organism of Pneumocystis pneumonia ( PCP ) ذات الريه ، سينه پهلو it is an important human pathogen , particularly among immunocompromised ( especially about AIDS disease ) hosts. This disease affects most people with AIDS Pneumocystis carinii has been found in the lungs of rats, rabbits, mice, dogs, sheep, goats, ferrets, chimpanzees, guinea pigs, horses, and monkeys
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Classification
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Morphology of cyst
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its cell wall contains β-1,3-glycan. However, its morphology resembles protozoa ( trophozoites , sporozoites , and cysts) , and its cell wall does not contain the typical fungal component ergosterol . The cysts appeared as 5- to 7-microns unstained spheres, each containing six to eight intracystic gram-negative bodies ( sporozoites ) MI : Protozoa are a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic , that feed on organic matter such as other microorganism or organic tissues and debris. MI : Sporozoa : a phylum of mainly parasitic spore-forming protozoans that have a complex life cycle with sexual and asexual generations. They include the organisms that cause malaria, babesiosis, coccidiosis, and toxoplasmosis. MI : Trophozoite is a growing stage in the life cycle of some sporozoan parasites, when they are absorbing nutrients from the host. .
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MI : sporozoite : a usually motile infective form of some sporozoans (as the malaria parasite) that is a product of sporogony and initiates an asexual cycle in the new host. MI : ergosterol is a sterol that resides on the cell membranes of fungi and protozoa and acts to maintain cell membrane integrity, similar to mammalian cholesterol. MI : Beta glycans are sugar compounds found in bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae and plants such as oats and barley. They are a source of soluble fiber MI : Electron dense layer : The hydrophilic portions of the plasma membrane MI : Electron lucent layer :The hydrophobic portion of the plasma membrane
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Life cycleTrophozoite and Cyst Some protozoa have two-phase life cycles, alternating between proliferative stages trophozoite and resting cyst. As cysts, some protozoa can survive harsh conditions, such as exposure to extreme temperatures or harmful chemicals, or long periods without access to nutrients, water, or oxygen. Encysting (to enclose or become enclosed by a cyst, thick membrane, or shell.) enables parasitic species to survive outside of a host, and allows their transmission from one host to another. When protozoa are in the form of trophozoites , they actively feed. The conversion of a trophozoite to cyst form is known as encystation, while the process of transforming back into a trophozoite is known as excystment.
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Sexual and Asexual Phases
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Sexual and asexual phases These fungi are found in the lungs of mammals where they reside without causing overt infection until the host’s immune system becomes debilitated. Then, an oftentimes lethal pneumonia can result. Asexual phase: trophic forms 1 replicate by mitosis 2 to 3 Sexual phase: haploid trophic forms conjugate 1 and produce a zygote or sporocyte (early cyst) 2 . The zygote undergoes meiosis and subsequent mitosis to produce eight haploid nuclei (late phase cyst) 3. Spores exhibit different shapes (such as, spherical and elongated forms). It is postulated that elongation of the spores precedes release from the spore case. It is believed that the release occurs through a rent in the cell wall. After release, the empty spore case usually collapses, but retains some residual cytoplasm 4. A trophic stage, where the organisms probably multiply by binary fission is also recognized to exist. The organism causes disease in immunosuppressed individuals. MI : binary fission, asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies. In the process of binary fission, an organism duplicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and then divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA
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PathogenicityPathophysiology Pneumocystis jirovecii has a predilection to infect the lung in at-risk individuals. Microscopic examination reveals that Pneumocystis attaches to Type I alveolar epithelium, which allows the fungus to transition from its small trophic form to the larger cystic form. Adherence of Pneumocystis to alveoli is not the singular cause of diffuse alveolar damage, but rather it is the host's own inflammatory response that causes significant lung injury and impaired gas exchange , leading to hypoxia and possibly respiratory failure. Pneumocystis is primarily an alveolar pathogen, but in the setting of severely immunocompromised individuals, the rare disseminated form may be seen. Examples of extra-pulmonary manifestations may be seen in those patients who are undergoing non-systemic or second-line prophylaxis and include hepatosplenomegaly and thyroid, ocular, ear, or skin lesions. MI : A prophylactic is a medication or a treatment designed and used to prevent a disease from occurring
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Histopathological specimen pictures of human lungs ( PCP disease )
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Symptoms Symptoms of PCP may develop over a period of weeks or months. The most common symptoms to watch for include: Fever that comes on suddenly Cough Trouble breathing. It often gets worse with activity. A dry cough , with little or no mucus Chest tightness Weight loss Night sweats
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Diagnosis Chest X-ray : This test uses a small amount of radiation to make images of internal tissues, bones, and organs, including the lungs. Blood tests :Your provider may do blood tests to see if you have an infection and if it has spread to the blood. He or she may also do an arterial blood gas test to check the amount of oxygen in your blood A blood test to detect β-D-glycan (a part of the cell wall of many different types of fungi) can also help diagnose PCP.
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Sputum culture : The sample is usually mucus that is either coughed up by the patient (called sputum) or collected by a procedure called bronchoalveolar lavage. Sometimes, a small sample of lung tissue (a biopsy) is used to diagnose PCP. The patient's sample is sent to a laboratory, usually to be examined under a microscope.
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Bronchoscopy : This is direct exam of the main airways of the lungs (bronchi) using a flexible tube (bronchoscope). PCR test : Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been reported as a useful tool to assess Pneumocystis infection by detecting specimens from the respiratory tract. PCR on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and sputum is more sensitive than microscopic detection
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Treatmentpersons infected with human immunodeficiency virus trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), which is also known as co-trimoxazole and by several different brand names, including Bactrim, Septra, and Cotrim. This medicine is given by mouth or through a vein for 3 weeks. TMP/SMX can cause side effects such as rash and fever.
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Prevention The routine use of prophylaxis for P. carinii has been successful in improving the survival of persistently immunocompromised individuals, resulting in an increase in the relative frequency in these hosts of other infections including infections caused by mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses. The medicine most commonly used to prevent PCP is called trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), which is also known as co-trimoxazole and by several different brand names, including Bactrim, Septra, and Cotrim. Other medicines are available for people who cannot take TMP/SMX.