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Neuroplasticity-History Concepts and Machanisms PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Neurology, which is titled "Neuroplasticity: History, Concepts, and Machanisms", to know about the History, Concepts, and Machanisms of Neuroplasticity.

Tags : Neurology, Neuroplasticity, History, Concepts, Machanisms

Published on : Aug 23, 2021 | Views : 2062 | Downloads : 11

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The Question: How “plastic” is the brain?
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CNS (brain + spinal cord) 100-1000 billion nerve cells = neurons
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Synaptic Communication Chemical Neurotransmission
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What is “Neuroplasticity? The ability of the nervous system to undergo changes in its anatomical, chemical, and physiological/functional properties.
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1. History How plastic is the brain? Some historical considerations
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Romon y Cajal (1852-1934): Spanish neuroanatomist and founder of modern neuroscience research “Neuron Doctrine” discovered dendritic spines 1906 Nobel prize with Camillo Golgi
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Cajal’s ambiguity regarding plasticity: “proliferative inability” “(after development)...growth and regeneration of axons and dendrites dried up irrevocably” “restorative plasticity”, i.e., some capacity for plastic reorganization after brain injury TINS 25:589 (2002)
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Donald O. Hebb (1904-1985) 1949
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Errors Training Days Home Rat Lab Rat
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Brain plasticity: Empirical evidence
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Motor & Somatosensory Visual Cortex Cortex Enrichment between 766-904 days of age (Diamond et al., Exp Neurol 87; 1985)
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Brain Structure Rearing Cortex Thickness &Weight ER > SR > IR Corpus Callosum Thickness ER > SR > IR Neuron Size ER > SR > IR Dendrite Length ER > SR > IR Synapses/Neuron ER > SR > IR Neurotransmitters ER > SR > IR (e.g. Acetylcholine) Adult Neurogenesis ER > SR > IR Behavior Rearing Perception (e.g.,vision) ER > SR > IR Cognition (learning/memory) ER > SR > IR Recovery from brain injury ER > SR > IR
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Summary: Research initiated in the 1960’s provided clear evidence for structural brain plasticity. The brain responds to where we live and what we do. The ability of the brain to change is reduced, but not lost in advanced age!
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2. Concepts A theory of brain plasticity
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LIGHT D.O. Hebb plasticity is - use dependent - coincident-dependent
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Neuron A Neuron B Synaptic strengthening Synaptic weakening
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3. Mechanisms Example of neuroplasticity in action
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Stimulus: Brain Response: or
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(images modified from Bavelier et al. TICS 10, 2006) Audition
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Blind Sighted (from Sadato, The Neuroscientist 11, 2005)
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Plasticity and skill acquisition
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Enlargement of: Auditory cortex Hand representation in motor cortex Corpus callosum Cerebellum (from Muente et al, Nat Rev Neurosci 3, 2002)
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Anatomical Changes Years of Musical Training (adapted from Jaencke et al, Brain & Cognition 34, 1997) 2 4 6 8 10 13 Short Training = Small Difference Long Training = Larger Difference
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The fully developed human brain retains a high degree of plasticity: in response to sensory loss training/learning, skill acquisition The plasticity potential can be harnessed in order to allow injured brains to recovery, and to optimize the recovery process
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4. Plasticity & the Damaged Brain
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Right hemisphere damage in M1 -> left hand impaired Move right hand -> focused activation in left sensorimotor cortex Move left hand -> widespread activation of both hemispheres => Other brain areas start to participate in control of affected limb (Feydy et al, Stroke 33, 2002)
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X Damage Recovery by Neuroplasticity
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Optimal Conditions to Promote Brain Plasticity & Recovery
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Lesion Size Damage Damage + “Therapy” Behavioural Performance Damage Damage + “Therapy”
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Factors that promote brain plasticity: time - therapeutic intervention motivation, reward - engagement, interest sleep - age (younger) pharmacology - others…. Recovery Time from Brain Damage (Months) 2 4 6 12 24 36
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Summary: Some Milestone in the History of Neurplasticity 1. Initial doubts regarding the ability of the adult nervous system to show plastic changes (early 1900’s) 2. Hebb establishes theoretical basis for experience-dependent brain plasticity (1930-40’s) 3. First empirical support for brain plasticity (1960’s) 4. Detailed analyses of cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms mediating brain plasticity (1970’s-present) 5. Information regarding brain plasticity incorporated into applied settings (child development, eduction, medicine, rehabilitation, successful aging, etc.).
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