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Molecular Imaging PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Molecular Imaging” by Marcelo Tatit Sapienza.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about molecular imaging, a field of medical imaging that allows physicians and researchers to visualize the molecular and cellular processes in the body. It involves the use of specialized techniques and instruments to detect and measure the distribution and activity of molecules and cells in living organisms.

Some of the techniques used in molecular imaging include positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and optical imaging. Each technique has its advantages and limitations, and the choice of technique depends on the specific application and the type of molecule or cell being imaged.

Molecular imaging has a wide range of applications in medicine and biomedical research. It is used for diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of diseases, as well as for drug development and basic research. Molecular imaging can provide information on the activity of specific biological pathways and can help identify new targets for therapy.

Examples of molecular imaging applications include cancer imaging, neuroimaging, cardiovascular imaging, and molecular imaging of infectious diseases. Molecular imaging has the potential to revolutionize medicine by enabling early detection of diseases, personalized medicine, and targeted drug delivery.

Tags : molecular imaging, medical imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), optical imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Medicine PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Jun 20, 2023 | Views : 1224 | Downloads : 1

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Slide 1-

Marcelo Tatit Sapienza Medical Imaging WorkshopMolecular Imaging INFIERI Summer School Intelligent signal processing for FrontIER Research and Industry
Slide 2-

Overview Imaging Modalities Clinical Applications – e.g. breast cancer Molecular Imaging
Slide 3-

Molecular Imaging visualisation, characterization and quantification of normal / pathological biological processes at the cellular and molecular level MOLECULAR BIOLOGY In vivo Imaging
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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Abnormal cells with pathological phenotypes Molecular expression Molecular paradigm of diseases 
Slide 5-

Hallmarks of cancer – Cell 2000 Hanahan & Weinberg
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Probes / ligands may be detected and allow Diagnosis Identification of targets for drugs Therapy planning Therapy with labeled compounds Therapy response Abnormal cells with pathological phenotypes Molecular expression
Slide 7-

Study of mechanisms of disease development and progression Detection and activity of receptors and pathways Pharmacokinetics / pharmacodynamics of target drugs Molecular Imaging Understanding pathophysiological mechanisms Diagnosis / Staging Response to target drugs / individualized therapies CLINICAL APPLICATIONS BASIC / PRECLINICAL RESEARCH
Slide 8-

Translational research
Slide 9-

Translational research from BENCH to BEDSIDE to public health
Slide 10-

Molecular Imaging Overview Imaging Modalities Clinical Applications – e.g. breast cancer
Slide 11-

Differences in Spatial resolution Depth of evaluation Ionizing / non-ionizing radiation Available molecular markers or probes Detection threshold Optical systems Nuclear Medicine: PET / SPECT MRI Ultrasonography Computed tomography Imaging Modalities
Slide 12-

Imaging modalities Willmann Nature Reviews 2008
Slide 13-

Imaging modalities Willmann Nature Reviews 2008 Optical Imaging: lower cost  high-throughput screening for targets low depth penetration  limited clinical translation Nuclear Medicine: higher cost than optical unlimited depth penetration  clinical translation MRI: high resolution and soft tissue contrast / cost and imaging time US: high spatial and temporal resolution / low cost / limited targets CT: high spatial resolution / no target specific imaging
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Spectrum of wavelenghts Eletromagnetic radiation MRI Infra red Ultra violet CT / NM Optical
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Optical Imaging fluorescence and bioluminescence Green fluorescent protein Near Infrared fluorphores (NIR) Reporter gene (luciferase) Prescher Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2010
Slide 16-

NM Radiopharmaceuticals radiolabeled molecules designed for in vivo application: PHARMACEUTICAL= molecular structure determining the fate of the compound within the organism RADIO= radioactive nuclide responsible for a signal detectable outside of the organism e.g. technetium-99m half life 6 hours gamma-ray photon 140 keV
Slide 17-

Scintillation camara Sorenson and Phelps,27 1987 W.B.Saunders
Slide 18-

SPECTSingle Photon Emission Computed Tomography
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Positron emitters Nuclides half life F-18 110 min C-11 20 min N-13 10 min O-15 1 2 min Ga-68 68 min Rb-82 1.3 min Positron: Same mass as electron opposite electrical charge annihilation generates a pair of gamma-ray photons – 180º
Slide 20-

Zanzonico Semin Nucl Med 2004 PET
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SPECT SPECT / CT PET / CT PET
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PET SPECT PET > SPECT Spatial resolution (human studies) Temporal resolution Sensitivity Cost
Slide 23-

Molecular ImagingRequirements Imaging equipment Target selection Development of imaging probe / tracer
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< 5% of in vitro targets allow development of an in vivo tracer High TARGET concentration Affinity and specificity Absence of biological barriers (i.e. endothelium, blood brain barrier, ...) Stable labeling of compound Development of in vivo probes
Slide 25-

< 5% of in vitro targets allow development of an in vivo tracer High TARGET activity / concentration Affinity and specificity Absence of biological barriers (i.e. endothelium, blood brain barrier, ...) Stable labeling of compound Low BACKGROUND activity Non-specific accumulation, Circulating or interstitial activity Renal or hepatic elimination Development of in vivo probes
Slide 26-

< 5% of in vitro targets allow development of an in vivo tracer High TARGET activity / concentration Affinity and specificity Absence of biological barriers (i.e. endothelium, blood brain barrier, ...) Stable labeling of compound Low BACKGROUND activity Non-specific accumulation, Circulating or interstitial activity Renal or hepatic elimination Signal amplification Cell trapping Enzymatic conversion "Reporter" molecules: fluorescence, radiation, magnetic Development of in vivo probes
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EXAMPLE: 18FDG fluorodeoxyglucose = glucose analogue Transport (Glut) Phosphorylation (hexokinase) Metabolism
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MOST TUMORS: Increased Aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect ) Vander Heiden Understanding the Warburg Effect Science 2009 Phenotype common to most tumors Lower production of energy / mol X NADPH Production - Synthesis Hypoxia and acidosis select cells resistant to apoptosis Acid pH associated with invasion
Slide 29-

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Slide 30-

Hanahan & Weinberg Cell 2011
Slide 31-

Molecular Imaging Overview Imaging Modalities Clinical Applications – e.g. breast cancer
Slide 32-

Breast cancer Brazil Most incident in women ~ 50 /100,000 57.120 new cases ( 2014 – INCA ) deaths: 13.345 ( 2011 – SIM ) 5 y survival ~ 60 % LOBULAR DUCTAL
Slide 33-

Therapy choices considers also : Clinical conditions, Age , Menopause, Histology of the tumor Hormone Receptors and HER2 Breast cancer Staging - T 1 < 2 cm T2 2-5 cm T3 > 5 cm T4 thoracic wall / skin - N0, 1 axillary I-II mobile, N2 axillary fixed or int.thoracic, N3 infra (III) / supraclavicular / axillary+int. thoracic - Metastases M0, M1 PROGNOSIS and CONDUCT AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. 2010,
Slide 34-

Hormone and Growth Factor Receptors expression variation PREDICTIVE biomarker = susceptibility of the tumor before indicating the therapy
Slide 35-

Biomarker-driven personalized cancer therapy Precision medicine BUT…  BIOPSY: TU hormone receptor ++  susceptible to treatment with drugs that blocks either the estrogen receptors or hormonal synthesis
Slide 36-

Establishing genetic and molecular profile by biopsy may not be sufficient: Gerlinger, Intratumor heterogeneity NEJM 2012 Tumor heterogeneity
Slide 37-

Linden JCO 2006 FDG FES FDG post-therapy 18FES – FLUOROESTRADIOL  target = hormone receptor PREDICTIVE biomarker in breast cancer ( indicates susceptibility to treatment )
Slide 38-

Linden JCO 2006 FDG FES FDG post-therapy 18FES – FLUORO ESTRADIOL
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PET- FDG in the metabolic evaluation after lymphoma chemotherapy EARLY RESPONSE biomarker = post-therapy prognosis Kasamon JNM 2007 Reduce or increase # chemotherapy cycles Change / add therapy
Slide 40-

Crippa F Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015 18F-FES – FLUOROTHYMIDINE  target = DNA synthesis uptake after 1st cycle identifies responders ( p 0.001 ) - ( n= 15 ) EARLY RESPONSE biomarker in breast cancer
Slide 41-

Crippa F Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015 18F-FES – FLUORO THYMIDINE EARLY RESPONSE biomarker in breast cancer uptake after 1st cycle identifies responders ( p 0.001 ) - ( n= 15 )
Slide 42-

Conclusion Molecular imaging is a multidiciplinary field in the intersection of molecular biology and in vivo imaging Main pillars of MI are : Use of imaging modalities with different performances Development of probes/ligands detectable in vivo MI is part of translational research and may be applied for biomarker-driven personalized therapy ( precision medicine )
Slide 43-

Thank you ! marcelo.sapienza@hc.fm.usp.br