DNA & Genes: An Introduction

DNA and Genes An Introduction PowerPoint Presentation

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Published on : Jan 11, 2017 | Views : 3397 | Downloads : 6

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Slide 1-

DNA & Genes An Introduction Anupma Singh Editor @MedicPresents
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Topics Covered: What is DNA? The Genetic Code The Human Genome
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The Cell It’s the basic component of life Its two main categories are prokarytic and eukaryotic cells There are differences in the nucleus
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Prokaryotes: It has no defined nucleus and a simplified internal structure Eukaryotes: It has membrane limited nucleus and complicated internal structure The 3 branches of life
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Genetic material is located in nucleus The genetic information is stored in Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA It is DNA that contains the information needed to build an individual
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Importance of DNA? Genetic information is transferred from DNA and converted to protein RNA molecules work as messengers Proteins are the biological workers
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Information of the DNA is copied to a RNA molecule in transcription RNA directs the protein synthesis in a translation Protein’s 3D structure determines it’s function Information transfer only in one direction
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DNA DNA stands for Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid a polymer of nucleotide monomers 2’-deoxyribose sugar Four bases: Adenine, A Guanine, G Thymine, T Cytosine, C Sugar part Base part
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Four bases... Purine bases Adenine and guanine Two carbon rings Pyrimidine bases Thymine and cytosine A single carbon ring
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DNA chains Nucleotides are joined with phosphodiesteri bond Sequence of bases vary  genetic information Extremely long chains!
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DNA Molecules Two polynucleotide chains are joined Double helix, twisted in right handed way Full circle in every 10 bases
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”ladder-structure” Bases = steps Sugars and phosphates = supporting pilars Two nucleotide chains run in opposite directions chemical direction (5´-3´)
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Complementary Pairing Bases pair with other bases Space between the chains is limited  Purines with two carbon rings pair only with single ring pyrimidines A + T G + C Complementary pairing is vital for the use and storage of the genetic information! Interaction is stabilized by hydrogen bonds
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The Genetic Code It Describes how nucleotide sequence is converted to protein sequence It is Unit of three nucleotides = a codon A codon codes for a specific amino acid (structural component of protein)
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The four bases can form 64 different codons 20 amino acids are found from the nature Regulatory codons
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Frame 1 Met F P P S G S T G L I P P S H F Q A R P L S T L P R Met A P T W L S D I P L V Q Frame 2 C F H L Q V P L G Stop F P P P T F K L G P F Q L C Q E W L P P G S Q T F P W S N Frame 1 G L D Q G N V Stop E P G G S H S W Q S Stop K G P S L K V G G G N Q P S G T Stop R W K H Right reading frame is obligatory! Part of the sequence from psoriasis associated gene HCR Three different reading frames can be used, but only one is the right one Translate tools are found from the internet atgtttccac cttcaggttc cactgggctg attcccccct cccactttca agctcggccc ctttcaactc tgccaagaat ggctcccacc tggctctcag acattcccct ggtccaaccc The right one
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DNA chromatin chromatin fibers fibers connected to chromosome scaffold Condenced scaffold Chromosome
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Genes A gene: DNA sequence that is needed to encode amino acid sequence of a protein Composed of exons, introns and different control elements Exon – protein coding sequence Intron – intervening sequence
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Genes vary a lot in size: Humans: average 3000bp largest 2.4 million bp Genes are separated by sequences with unknown function Only one strand of the DNA carries biological information  template strand Potential to store biological information is enormous
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That’s all for Now!
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