Lipid Medical Presentation

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Lipid Prepared Abdullah sabr by
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Lipid Prepared by Abdullah sabr
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Definition of lipids The word "lipid", which derived from the Greek lipos means (fat) n biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in non-polar solvents. non-polar solvents are typically hydrocarbons used to dissolve other naturally occurring hydrocarbon lipid molecule that do not (or do not easily) dissolve in water, including fatty acid, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamin (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglyceride, triglycerides, and phospholipids.
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FUNCTION OF LIPID Fats serve as food reserve in both plants and animals. Hibernating animals store extra fat prior to onset of winter. Migratory birds also do so before migration. They function as concentrated food because as compared to carbohydrates they yield more than twice as much energy per unit weight (9.3 kcal/gm: 4.5 kcal/gm). Fats can be converted to carbohydrates. Therefore, fats stored in oil seeds (e.g., Groundnut, Mustard, Castor, Sunflower, Cotton, and Coconut) not only provide energy but also raw materials for growth of embryo.
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In seeds and spores lipids help in thermal insulation, protection from ultraviolet radiations and loss of water Provide Vitamin A, D, E and K are soluble in fats. In animals fat occurs as droplets inside cells called adipocytes. Adipocytes of cold blooded or poikilothermic animals have higher amount of unsaturated fatty acids as compared to warm blooded or homoeothermic animals Fatty or adipose tissue forms an insulating layer below the skin of animals for protection against low temperature. Whale has a very thick layer of subcutaneous fat called blubber. Animals of colder regions also have a thick fatty layer for insulation, e.g., Polar Bear
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Classification of lipids Mainly lipids are classified in five types. Fatty acyl (FA) Glycerolipids (GL) Glycerophospholipids (GP) Sterol lipids (ST) Sphengolipids (SP)
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fatty acid The fatty acid composed of one hydrocarbon chain which terminates with a carboxylic acid group. The carboxyl end is polar and soluble in water; hydrophilic. The long hydrocarbon chain is non-polar in nature and hydrophobic. The carbon chain in fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated and can have some other functional groups.
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In case of unsaturated fatty acids, cis-trans isomers can be possible. Cis-fatty acids are found naturally while trans can be synthesized artificially by partial hydrogenation of fats and oils
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Glycerolipids They are known as triglycerides or triglycrols which composed of mono-, di- and tri-substituted glycerol. They formed by the esterification of glycerols with different fatty acids. During fat metabolism, glycerolipids releases glycerol and fatty acids from adipose tissue, thus they function as a food store comprising the bulk of storage fat in animal tissues.
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Glycosylglycerols is a class of glycerolipids which composed of one or more sugar residues with glycerol through a glycosidic linkage and fatty acids. The plant membranes having Digalactosyldiacylglycerols and the mammalian sperm containing seminolipid are best example of glycosylglycerols.
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Glycerophospholipids They are also called phospholipids, composed of fatty acids, glycerol with phosphate groups. Phospholidis are the main constituents of the lipid bilayer of cells because of polarity of phosphate group and also are involved in metabolism. They are amphipathic lipids has polar and non polar head
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sphingolipids These lipids are quite different from first two lipids and more complex compared to them. They composed of a sphingoid base backbone which is synthesized from serine; an amino acid and a fatty acyl CoA long-chain. This further converted into ceramides, glycosphingolipids, phosphosphingolipids and other compounds.
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Some common examples of sphingolipids are Ceramides, sphingomyelins( a phosphosphingolipids) are found in mammals. Whereas, ceramide phosphoethanolamines are found in insects and phytoceramide phosphoinositols, mannose-containing headgroups are found in fungi. Examples of glycosphingolipids are cerebrosides and gangliosides
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chemical structure of sphingolipids
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Sterol lipids These lipids are main components of membrane lipids along with sphingomyelins and the glycerophospholipids. The best common examples of sterol are cholesterol and its derivatives. Steroids are composed of fused four-ring core structure but show different biological roles such as hormones like estrogen, testosterone and androsterone. Some vitamins like vitamin-D also composed of one of the sterol; secosteroids
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Chemical structure of different steroids
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Nutrition and health Most of the fat found in food is in the form of triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids. Some dietary fat is necessary to facilitate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and CAROTENOIDS. Humans and other mammals have a dietary requirement for certain essential fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (an omega-6 ) and linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) because they cannot be synthesized from simple precursors in the diet, Both of these fatty acids are 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid differing in the number and position of the double bonds.
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Most vegetable oils are rich in linoleic acid (safflower, sunflower, and corn oils). Alpha-linolenic acid is found in the green leaves of plants, and in selected seeds, nuts, and legumes (in particular flax, rapeseed, walnut, and soy). fish oils are particularly rich in the longer-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).[ .
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references https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid http://www.biologydiscussion.com/lipids/important-functions-of-lipids-17-functions/44856 https://chemistry.tutorvista.com/biochemistry/types-of-lipids.html
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Thank you
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