Leukopoiesis Medical Presentation

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Published on : Aug 26, 2019 | Views : 8488 | Downloads : 48

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Leukopoiesis
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Leukopoiesis A form of hematopoiesis in which white blood cells are formed in bone marrow located in bones in adults and hematopoietic organs in the fetus. It is further classified by the lineage of the white blood cell being formed, namely: Granulopoiesis- Formation of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils Lymphopoiesis- Formation of B cells and T cells
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3 The BM is in effect a highly specialised tissue comprising a range of cells haematopoietic cells form blood cells stromal cells provide a support functions for the haematopoietic cells, providing the specialised environment needed for haematopoiesis to occur. osteoblasts and osteoclasts are concerned with producing the bone itself The bone marrow (BM) is within the medullary cavity especially of long bones. Bone Marrow
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Bone Marrow Pool Stem Cell Pool- It consists of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation. Proliferation (mitotic) Pool- It consists of cells that are capable of mitotic divisions. Maturation Pool- consisting of cells undergoing nuclear maturation that form the marrow reserve and are available for release.
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are responsible for stimulation or inhibition of production, differentiation, and trafficking of mature blood cells and their precursors Hematopoietic progenitor cells require cytokines on a continual basis for their growth and survival and prevent these cells from dying by inhibiting apoptosis. cytokines include interleukins (ILs), lymphokines, monokines, interferons, chemokines, and colonystimulating factors (CSFs). Cytokines and Growth Factors
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Hormonal Control of Leukopoiesis Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are produced by many different cells. They have a high specificity for their target cells and are active at low concentrations. The names of the individual factors indicate the predominant cell lines that respond to their presence. Interleukins Mediate multiple, highly complex communications between various classes of white blood cells. originally were named according to their specific function, such as lymphocyte-activating factor (now called IL-1) Numbered (IL – 1, IL – 2, IL – 3, etc.)
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All leukocytes originate from hemocytoblasts Myeloid stem cells Myeloblasts Monoblasts Lymphoid stem cells Lymphoblasts Leukopoiesis
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Neutrophils Myeloblast Large cell with a large nucleus and which demonstrates basophilic staining. This stage exists for all granulocytes. Promyelocyte During this stage primary (azurophilic) granules are formed. This stage exists for all granulocytes. Neutrophilic myelocyte The developing neutrophil can now be differentiated from basophils and eosinophils as neutrophil specific granules are now being formed. Neutrophilic metamyelocyte At this stage mitosis can no longer occur. The nucleus elongates, becomes heterochromatic and has a kidney like shape. Differentiation is now much clearer from other granulocytes as the specific granules are in a far greater number than the primary granules formed in the promyelocyte stage. Band cell Nucleus elongates further and represents a horse shoe. Nucleus starts to segment. Neutrophil Mature neutrophil is formed and the nucleus is segmented and has 3 to 5 lobes. This lobular structure of the nucleus gives rise to the name polymorphonuclear neutrophil.
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Eosinophils Myeloblast & Promyelocyte These stages are common to all granulocytes and no distinction can be made between different cell lines. Eosinophilic myelocyte & metamyelocyte Specific granules start to appear in the myelocyte stage and once the cell has reached the metamyelocyte stage it cannot undergo further mitosis. Band cell Nucleus elongates further and represents a horse shoe. Nucleus starts to segment. Eosinophil Mature cell has a bi-lobed nucleus. There are species specific variations in granule size once stained.
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Basophils Immature basophils have round to somewhat lobulated nuclei with only slightly condensed chromatin. Nucleoli may or may not be apparent. The cytoplasm is blue and contains large blue-black secondary granules. Primary azure granules may or may not be seen. Mature basophils contain a lobulated nucleus that is often obscured by its granules. The chromatin pattern, if visible, is clumped. Actual nuclear segmentation with visible filaments occurs rarely. The cytoplasm is colorless and contains large numbers of the characteristic large blue-black granules.
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Monocytes Monoblast This is the first stage after cell has differentiated into the CFU-M. Promonocyte Cell has a large nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm and consists of two populations:- One rapidly dividing and the other slowly dividing, which acts as a reservoir. Monocyte Monocytes are incapable of mitosis and enter the circulation. They have a large kidney shaped nucleus with a slightly basophilic cytoplasm, which is often vacuolated. Macrophage Once the monocyte has entered tissue it differentiates into a macrophage.
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Lymphocytes Lymphoblast It occurs when the lymphocyte is activated by an antigen and increased in volume by nucleus and cytoplasm growth as well as new mRNA and protein synthesis. Prolymphocyte The second morphologically recognizable cell of the lymphocytic lineage, smaller than lymphoblast but larger than mature lymphocyte. Lymphocyte are mature, infection-fighting cells that develop from lymphoblasts.
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B lymphocytes develop initially in the bone marrow three stages: pro-B, pre-B, and immature B cells. It is during these stages that immunoglobulin gene rearrangement occurs so that each B cell produces a unique immunoglobulin antigen receptor. These immature B cells, are also known as hematogones. Effector B cells are antibody-producing cells known as plasma cells and plasmacytoid lymphocyte
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T lymphocytes develop initially in the thymus—a lymphoepithelial organ located in the upper mediastinum. Lymphoid progenitor cells migrate from the bone marrow to the thymic cortex. Stages: pro-T, pre-T, and immature T cells. During these phases they undergo antigen receptor gene rearrangement to produce T cell receptors that are unique to each T cell. T cells multiply and differentiate into T-helper cells and cytotoxic cells.
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