Download Free Medical Lymphoma PowerPoint Presentation

Lymphoma PowerPoint Presentation

DOWNLOAD MEDICAL POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

About This Presentation

Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Lymphoma” by Dr Mohammed Alqahtani.

This medical PowerPoint presentation is about lymphoma, a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the bodys immune system. The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and other tissues.

Lymphoma occurs when the cells of the lymphatic system start to grow and multiply uncontrollably, leading to the development of tumors. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Tags : Lymphoma, cancer, lymphatic system, immune system, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hematology, Hematology PowerPoint presentation

Published on : May 29, 2023 | Views : 1329 | Downloads : 18

Shareable Url :

Embed Code :

Comment

Transcript

Slide 1-

Lymphoma Dr Mohammed Alqahtani CSLT(CG), CLSp(CG), RT,MBA, Ph.D Genomic Medicine Unit Founder & Director Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research Founder & Director
Slide 2-

Overview Concepts, classification, biology Epidemiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis Staging Three important types of lymphoma
Slide 3-

How Cancer Develops Normal cells are programmed to multiply, die when they’re old Signals to multiply and die are controlled by specific genes Mutations can occur in these genes If enough mutations occur in genes controlling growth or cell death a cell begins to multiply uncontrollably The cell has then become cancerous or “malignant”
Slide 4-

Features common to cancer cells Growth in the absence of “go” signals Growth despite “stop” signals Locally invasive growth and metastases to distant sites
Slide 5-

Bone Marrow Present in the soft inner part of some bones such as the skull, shoulder, blade, ribs, pelvis, and backbones. (Occupies central cavity of bone) The bone marrow is made up of blood-forming stem cells, lymphoid tissue, fat cells, and supporting tissues that aid the growth of blood forming cells.
Slide 6-

Bone Marrow Spongy tissue where development of all types of blood cells takes place All bones have active marrow at birth Adulthood - vertebrae, hip, shoulders, ribs, breast and skull contain marrow
Slide 7-

Bone Marrow Aspiration/Biopsy
Slide 8-

Hematopoietic Malignancies 􀂄 Lymphoma is a general term for hematopoietic solid malignancies of the lymphoid series. 􀂄 Leukemia is a general term for liquid malignancies of either the lymphoid or the myeloid series.
Slide 9-

Conceptualizing lymphoma neoplasms of lymphoid origin, typically causing lymphadenopathy leukemia vs lymphoma lymphomas as clonal expansions of cells at certain developmental stages
Slide 10-

What is Lymphoma Lymphomas are cancers that begin by the “malignant transformation” of a lymphocyte in the lymphatic system Many lymphomas are known to be due to specific genetic mutations Follicular lymphoma due to overexpression of BCL-2 (gene that blocks programmed cell death)
Slide 11-

What is the Lymphatic System? Made up of organs, such as the tonsils, spleen, liver, bone marrow and a network of lymphatic vessels that connect glands, called lymph nodes Lymph nodes located throughout the body Lymph nodes filter foreign particles out of the lymphatic fluid Contain B and T lymphocytes
Slide 12-

Lymphatic System Lymph nodes act as a filter to remove bacteria, viruses, and foreign particles Most people will have had “swollen glands” at some time as a response to infection
Slide 13-

ppt slide no 13 content not found
Slide 14-

ppt slide no 14 content not found
Slide 15-

Blood Cell and Lymphocyte Development
Slide 16-

Lymphocytes Most lymphocytes are in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and lymphatic vessels 20% of white blood cells in blood are lymphocytes T cells, B cells, natural killer cells B cells produce antibodies that help fight infectious agents T cells help B cells produce antibodies and they fight viruses
Slide 17-

T-Cells and B-Cells 􀂄 Immature lymphocytes that travel to the thymus differentiate into T-Cells “T” is for thymus 􀂄 Immature lymphocytes that travel to the spleen or lymph nodes differentiate into B cells "B" stands for the bursa of Fabricius, which is an organ unique to birds, where B cells mature.
Slide 18-

Lymphoid progenitor T-lymphocytes Plasma cells B-lymphocytes naïve germinal center
Slide 19-

B-cell development stem cell lymphoid progenitor progenitor-B pre-B immature B-cell Bone marrow Lymphoid tissue memory B-cell plasma cell germinal center B-cell mature naive B-cell
Slide 20-

Clinically useful classification Diseases that have distinct clinical features natural history prognosis treatment Biologically rational classification Diseases that have distinct morphology immunophenotype genetic features clinical features Classification
Slide 21-

Classification Usually classified by how the cells look under a microscope and how quickly they grow and spread Aggressive lymphomas (high-grade lymphomas) Indolent Lymphomas (low-grade lymphomas)
Slide 22-

Lymphoma classification(2001 WHO) B-cell neoplasms precursor mature T-cell & NK-cell neoplasms precursor mature Hodgkin lymphoma Non- Hodgkin Lymphomas
Slide 23-

Three common lymphomas Follicular lymphoma Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Hodgkin lymphoma
Slide 24-

Relative frequencies of different lymphomas Hodgkin lymphoma NHL Diffuse large B-cell Follicular Other NHL Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas ~85% of NHL are B-lineage
Slide 25-

Follicular lymphoma most common type of “indolent” lymphoma usually widespread at presentation often asymptomatic not curable (some exceptions) associated with BCL-2 gene rearrangement [t(14;18)] cell of origin: germinal center B-cell
Slide 26-

defer treatment if asymptomatic (“watch-and-wait”) several chemotherapy options if symptomatic median survival: years despite “indolent” label, morbidity and mortality can be considerable transformation to aggressive lymphoma can occur
Slide 27-

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma most common type of “aggressive” lymphoma usually symptomatic extranodal involvement is common cell of origin: germinal center B-cell treatment should be offered curable in ~ 40%
Slide 28-

B-Cell Lymphoma (80%) B-Cells help make antibodies, which are proteins that attach to and help destroy antigens Lymphomas are caused when a mutation arises during the B-cell life cycle Various different lymphomas can occur during several different stages of the cycle Follicular lymphoma, which is a type of B-cell lymphoma is caused by a gene translocation which results in an over expressed gene called BCL-2, which blocks apoptosis.
Slide 29-

T-Cell Lymphoma (15%) The T-cells are born from stem cells, similar to that of B-cells, but mature in the thymus. They help the immune system work in a coordinated fashion. These types of lymphomas are categorized by how the cell is affected Anaplastic Large cell Lymphoma, t-cell lymphoma caused by a gene translocation in chromosome 5
Slide 30-

Mechanisms of lymphomagenesis Genetic alterations Infection Antigen stimulation Immunosuppression
Slide 31-

Epidemiology of lymphomas males > females incidence NHL increasing Hodgkin lymphoma stable in NHL: 3rd most frequently diagnosed cancer in males and 4th in females in HL: 5th most frequently diagnosed cancer in males and 10th in females
Slide 32-

ppt slide no 32 content not found
Slide 33-

ppt slide no 33 content not found
Slide 34-

ppt slide no 34 content not found
Slide 35-

ppt slide no 35 content not found
Slide 36-

ppt slide no 36 content not found
Slide 37-

Age distribution of new NHL
Slide 38-

Risk factors for NHL immunosuppression or immunodeficiency connective tissue disease family history of lymphoma infectious agents ionizing radiation
Slide 39-

Clinical manifestations Variable severity: asymptomatic to extremely ill time course: evolution over weeks, months, or years Systemic manifestations fever, night sweats, weight loss, anorexia, pruritis Local manifestations lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly most common any tissue potentially can be infiltrated
Slide 40-

Other complications of lymphoma bone marrow failure (infiltration) CNS infiltration immune hemolysis or thrombocytopenia compression of structures (eg spinal cord, ureters) pleural/pericardial effusions, ascites
Slide 41-

Non-Hodgkin’s LymphomaStaging Stage is the term used to describe the extent of tumor that has spread through the body ( I and II are localized where as III and IV are advanced. Each stage is then divided into categories A, B, and E A: No systemic symptoms B: Systemic Symptoms such as fever, night sweats and weight loss E: Spreading of disease from lymph node to another organ
Slide 42-

Staging of lymphoma A: absence of B symptoms B: fever, night sweats, weight loss
Slide 43-

Staging
Slide 44-

Symptoms Painful Swelling of lymph nodes located in the neck, underarm and groin. Unexplained Fever Night Sweats Constant Fatigue Unexplained Weight loss Itchy Skin Cancer Sourcebook
Slide 45-

Causes and Risk Factors The Exact causes are still unknown Higher risk for individuals who: Exposed to chemicals such as pesticides or solvents Infected w/ Epstein-Barr Virus Family history of NHL (although no hereditary pattern has been established) Infected w/ Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Lymphoma.org
Slide 46-

Diagnosis Staging Studies • Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy Radionuclide scans: GI x-rays Spinal fluid analysis CT scans Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Biopsy
Slide 47-

Diagnosis requires an adequate biopsy Diagnosis should be biopsy-proven before treatment is initiated Need enough tissue to assess cells and architecture open bx vs core needle bx vs FNA
Slide 48-

Treatment Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is usually treated by a team of physicians including hematologists, medical oncologists and a radiation oncologist. In some cases such as for Indolent lymphomas, the Doctor may wait to start treatment until the patient starts showing symptoms, known as “watchful waiting”
Slide 49-

Treatment Options Chemotherapy Radiation Bone Marrow Transplantation Surgery Bortezomib (Velcade) Immunotherapy Using the bodies own immune system combined with material made in a lab.
Slide 50-

Survival Rates Survival Rates vary widely by cell type and staging. 1 Year Survival Rate: 77% 5 Year Survival Rate: 56% 10 Year Survival Rate: 42% Cancer.org
Slide 51-

Hodgkin lymphoma Thomas Hodgkin (1798-1866)
Slide 52-

Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Slide 53-

Hodgkin lymphoma cell of origin: germinal centre B-cell Reed-Sternberg cells (or RS variants) in the affected tissues most cells in affected lymph node are polyclonal reactive lymphoid cells, not neoplastic cells
Slide 54-

Reed-Sternberg cell
Slide 55-

RS cell and variants popcorn cell lacunar cell classic RS cell (mixed cellularity) (nodular sclerosis) (lymphocyte predominance)
Slide 56-

A possible model of pathogenesis germinal centre B cell transforming event(s) loss of apoptosis RS cell inflammatory response EBV? cytokines
Slide 57-

Hodgkin lymphomaHistologic subtypes Classical Hodgkin lymphoma nodular sclerosis (most common subtype) mixed cellularity lymphocyte-rich lymphocyte depleted
Slide 58-

Epidemiology less frequent than non-Hodgkin lymphoma overall M>F peak incidence in 3rd decade
Slide 59-

Age distribution of new Hodgkin lymphoma cases
Slide 60-

Associated (etiological?) factors EBV infection smaller family size higher socio-economic status caucasian > non-caucasian possible genetic predisposition other: HIV? occupation? herbicides?
Slide 61-

Clinical manifestations lymphadenopathy contiguous spread extranodal sites relatively uncommon except in advanced disease “B” symptoms
Slide 62-

Treatment and Prognosis
Slide 63-

Long term complications of treatment infertility MOPP > ABVD; males > females sperm banking should be discussed premature menopause secondary malignancy skin, AML, lung, MDS, NHL, thyroid, breast... cardiac disease
Slide 64-

A practical way to think of lymphoma
Slide 65-

Lab Diagnostic Studies Lymph node biopsy Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy Immunohistochemistry Flow cytometry Molecular Genetic studies FISH Cytogenetics
Slide 66-

Cytogenetic Lab t(14,18) common (about 30%) Bcl-2 Follicular growth pattern t(8,14) ! common in Burkitt’s ! c-myc Multiple anomalies common Correlation between cytogenetic change and outcome is variable
Slide 67-

In the next slide two examples of a lymphoma hybridised with a split-apart probe are shown. FISH analysis of paraffin embedded tissue sections
Slide 68-

Truncated nucleus Truncated nuclei Myc split-apart probe: Probe 1+2 Large cell lymphoma Case 1
Slide 69-

FISH analysis of paraffin embedded tissue Interpretation of results Case 1 Case 2 Signals (even in truncated cells) are fused, excluding a translocation . Some nuclei contain split signals, indicating a translocation.
Slide 70-

FISH analysis of paraffin embedded tissue Interpretation of results Case 1 Case 2 Signals (even in truncated cells) are fused, excluding a translocation . Some nuclei contain split signals, indicating a translocation.
Slide 71-

FISH analysis of paraffin embedded tissue sections There are now plentiful examples of how the FISH procedure is needed in routine lymphoma diagnosis. MALT lymphomas with the t(11;18)(q32;q21) translocation: For many laboratories FISH analysis is more convenient than a PCR procedure for detecting such cases. “Burkitt-like” lymphomas: Cases suggestive of Burkitt’s lymphoma but with atypical features should be analysed by the FISH technique for evidence of MYC translocation. What future applications of the FISH technique are likely to emerge in the future? One area lies in the detection of chromosomal amplifications and deletions of clinical significance. (CGH)
Slide 72-

Bea et al (2005) Blood 106:3183-3190 Tagawa et al Blood. (2005);106:1770-1777 For example specific patterns of chromosomal gains or losses have been noted in diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
Slide 73-

Bea et al (2005) Blood 106:3183-3190 Tagawa et al Blood. (2005);106:1770-1777 For example specific patterns of chromosomal gains or losses have been noted in diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
Slide 74-

Bea et al (2005) Blood 106:3183-3190 Tagawa et al Blood. (2005);106:1770-1777 For example specific patterns of chromosomal gains or losses have been noted in diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
Slide 75-

Bea et al (2005) Blood 106:3183-3190 Tagawa et al Blood. (2005);106:1770-1777 For example specific patterns of chromosomal gains or losses have been noted in diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
Slide 76-

ppt slide no 76 content not found
Slide 77-

Molecular Cytogenetic LabRecurrent molecular abnormalities in lymphoma t(14;18) / Bcl2 - JH in follicular lymphoma t(11;14) / Bcl1 - JH in Mantle Zone lymphoma t(3;14) / Bcl6 - JH in Diffuse Large Cell lymphoma t(8;14) / cMyc - JH in Burkitt lymphoma t(2,5) / ALK-NPM in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Slide 78-

Histology LabRS cell and variants popcorn cell lacunar cell classic RS cell (mixed cellularity) (nodular sclerosis) (lymphocyte predominance)