Download Free Medical Introduction to Pharmacology PowerPoint Presentation

Introduction to Pharmacology PowerPoint Presentation

DOWNLOAD MEDICAL POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

About This Presentation

Description : Check out this medical presentation on Pharmacology, which is titled "Introduction to Pharmacology", to get yourself acquainted to pharmacology.

Tags : Pharmacology, Introduction

Published on : Jul 20, 2021 | Views : 6489 | Downloads : 15

Shareable Url :

Embed Code :

Comment

Transcript

Slide 1-

Assoc. Prof. I. Lambev Medical University of Sofia E-mail: itlambev@mail.bg INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
Slide 2-

1. OBJECT OF PHARMACOLOGY. RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER SCIENCES.
Slide 3-

The word pharmacology is derived from the Greek words pharmacon (drug or poison) and logos (science). Pharmacology deals with the fate and actions of drugs at various levels (molecular, cellular, organ, and whole body) in any animal species.
Slide 4-

1. Pharmacodynamics - how the drugs act on the body? 2. Pharmacokinetics - how the body act on the drugs? 3. Drug Indications and Application 4. Drug Interactions 5. Unwanted (adverse) effects Object of Pharmacology
Slide 5-

Pharmacology is the base of Pharmacotherapeutics (the treatment of diseases with drugs). It overlaps extensively with pharmacy - the science of drug production.
Slide 6-

2. SCOPE AND SUBDIVISIONS OF PHARMACOLOGY How Pharmacology is divided?
Slide 7-

Basic (fundamental) pharmacology Special (organ pharmacology) Experimental (animal) pharmacology Clinical pharmacology Biochemical pharmacology Immunopharmacology Perinatal pharmacology Geriatric pharmacology Pharmacogenetics, etc. Main branches
Slide 8-

Chronopharmacology
Slide 9-

BABYLONIA The ancient man learned from instinct, from observation of birds and beasts. ANCIENT CHINA 3. HISTORICAL REVIEW
Slide 10-

Hippocrates Egypt: Imhotep
Slide 11-

Avicenna Paracelsus Galenus
Slide 12-

UK France Nativelle (1869) Digitoxin Digitalis purpurea (Foxglove) W. Withering (1785)
Slide 13-

F. SERTÜRNER (1783 – 1841) Morphine Papaver somniferum L. (Poppy) Opium - morphine (1806) - codeine - papaverine Afghanistan Pakistan Thailand
Slide 14-

Cinchona succirubra L. (S. America) Quinine Quinidine
Slide 15-

A. FLEMING (1881–1955) Penicillin G A. FLEMING (1881–1955) Penicillin G - P. notatum
Slide 16-

William Osler (1849 – 1919) ,,Good humour ... helps enormously both in the study and practice of medicine.”
Slide 17-

Rauwolfia serpentina Ajmaline Reserpine (1948) In 1920’s - discovery of Insulin and vitamins In 1930’s - modern anaesthetics In 1940’s - penicillins In 1950’s - antihypertensive drugs In 1960’s - neuroleptics In 1970’s - H2-blockers, antiasthmatics In 1980’s - immunosuppressive and antiviral drugs
Slide 18-

Atropa belladonna L. (Deadly night shade) Radix Belladonnae: (cura bulgara) – atropine Belladonna alkaloids have been empirically used for treatment of PD in 1920s in Bulgaria by Ivan Raev.
Slide 19-

The founders of the Dept. of Pharmaco- logy (1945), Faculty of Medicine - Sofia Prof. P. Nikolov (1894-1990) D. lanata A. belladonna Prof. D. Paskov (1914-1986) Galantamine Aminopyridine Morbus Alzheimeri
Slide 20-

Samuel Hahnemann (1755 – 1843)
Slide 21-

4. DRUGS “One of the features which is thought to distinguish man from other animals is his desire to take medicine“. Sir William Osler (1849 – 1919)
Slide 22-

The drugs are chemical substances which are applied to or introduced into a living organism to treat, prevent or diagnose of diseases, and as well as to change some physiological functions (e.g. reproduction).
Slide 23-

- 50% of Drugs have synthetic or SS origin. - 25% are received from plants and they include: alkaloids, glycosides, vitamins, bioflavonoids, etc.
Slide 24-

Drug nomenclature Chemical name INN (“generic name”) or official, resp. approved names, (in USA: Adopted Name – USAN) (in UK: BAN – British Approved Name) Proprietary name (manufacturer’s trade name™ or registered name®)
Slide 25-

Pharmacopoeian names: European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur. ) Pharmacopoeia Internationalis (PhI)
Slide 26-

ppt slide no 26 content not found
Slide 27-

ATC classification (WHO, EMA)
Slide 28-

INN (DCI) + â ATC Code Paracetamol (INN) Acetaminophen (USAN) ATC code: N02BE01 (= Internet address) INDEX NOMINUM Swiss Pharmaceutical Society
Slide 29-

Pethidine (INN): (Meperidine - USAN) Demerol® Lydol® 1-methyl-4-phenyl- 4-carbethoxypiperidine ATC code: N02AB02
Slide 30-

Stages in development and regulation of new drugs
Slide 31-

Preclinical stage Drug isolation, semisynthesis or synthesis Pharmaceutical development Animal Pharmacology Animal Toxicity (1) (2) (3) (4)
Slide 32-

May apple (Podophyllum peltatum - India, USA) Epipodophyllotoxin Etoposide Podophyllin
Slide 33-

Animal Pharmacology Preclinical testing determines: screening the specificity of effect and the mechanism of action of a new drug the pharmacokinetics of a new drug
Slide 34-

Animal toxicity subacute toxicity (lasts 14 or 28 days) chronical toxicity (lasts 3 or 6 months) mutagenicity, carcinogenicity reproductive studies (teratogenicity) acute toxicity (after a single dose within a 24-hour period which determines median lethal dose – LD50)
Slide 35-

84% were rats and mice 11% fish, birds and reptiles 3% rabbits and ferrets 1% sheep, cows and pigs 0.5% dogs and cats 0.14% monkeys (not for over 12 years!)
Slide 36-

49% for development of new drugs 20% for fundamental biological and medical research These animals are used:
Slide 37-

SHR & SHRSP
Slide 38-

Clinical stage (4 phases) Children and pregnant women cannot participate.
Slide 39-

Human pharmacology (Phase I) This is the first administration of a drug to humans and it usually follows the completion of pharmacological and toxi- cological studies in animals.
Slide 40-

The investigational drug is given to 12-15 healthy volunteers first in single, increasing doses, and then by multiple administration to cover the range of therapeutic use. These studies are conducted to obtain data of safety (the range of dose) and kinetics only.
Slide 41-

It is forbidden!
Slide 42-

A common rule is to begin with one-fifth or one-tenth of the maximum tolerated dose (mg/kg) in the most sensitive animal species.
Slide 43-

Initial clinical trials (Phase II) This is the first administration of a drug to patients. The investigational drug is given to 150 – 500 patients.
Slide 44-

Elimination of drug should be assessed, because patients may metabolize it differently than healthy subjects do. In this phase the efficacy of the investigational drug can be compared with placebo (dosage form without active substance but with the same flavour, mode, appearance).
Slide 45-

The placebo effect is a psychogenic effect. Drugs for treatment of asthma, duodenal ulcer, arterial hypertension have a high placebo effect. Clinical trials with placebo are forbidden if the potential drug has antimicrobial, antidia- betic, or antineoplastic activity.
Slide 46-

Comparative clinical trials (Phase III) The investigational drug is given to 1000 or more patients to provide data permitting statistical evaluations of the drug’s efficacy and safety.
Slide 47-

The studies include double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trials. The efficacy of a new agent must be compared with famous drugs. If there are advantages, the manufacturer can file a Drug Submission with the Regulatory Agency for permission to market the new drug.
Slide 48-

USA: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) UK: Medicines Control Agency (MCA) Bulgaria: Bulgarian Drug Agency (BDA) www.bda.bg; hot line: (02) 944 16 36 Regulatory Drug Agency
Slide 49-

Post marketing control (Phase IV) Standard of Productions (purity, efficacy, safety) Packing, labeling, advertising Scheduling of drugs, to indicate how to use and prescribe.
Slide 50-

Post marketing control also includes control for: Unwanted effects Drug interactions New therapeutic effects (example with Aspirin®)
Slide 51-

Arachidonic acid Cyclooxygenase (Cox) Endoperoxides PGs TxA2 (-) Aspirin Thromboxane A2 synthase (-) 100 mg/24 h >1 g/24 h
Slide 52-

OUT OF DATE Many severe side effects Infertility (> PGF2α) Thrombosis (< PGI2; > TxA2) Bextra® (Valdecoxib): Pfizer (penalty!) OUT OF DATE
Slide 53-

Creating of new drugs – social and financial aspects
Slide 54-

GLP, GMP, GCP
Slide 55-

Drugs for rare diseases – the so-called orphan drugs can be difficult to research, develop, and market. It is very expensive. Since 1983, the FDA has approved for marketing 268 orphan drugs to treat more than 82 rare diseases.
Slide 56-

THE MAIN APPROACHES OF DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT ARE: 1. Irrational Approach. It involves emperical observations of the pharmacological effects from screening of many chemical compounds, mainly those from natural products.
Slide 57-

2. Rational Approach. It requires three- dimensional knowledge of the target structure involved in the disease. Drugs are designed to interact with this target’s structures to create a beneficial response. 3. Antisense Therapy requires the modifications to oligonucleotides that can bind to RNA and DNA. The antisense drugs stop transcriptional (from DNA) or translocational (from RNA) pathways which participate in the pathogenesis of disease (e.g. antimetabolic drugs and cancer).
Slide 58-

4.Biologics. These are protein-based drugs in the form of antibodies, vaccines and cytokines. 5.Gene Therapy. Its aim is to replace or insert a diseased gene. The diseased gene is taken out from the patient, fixed outside the body (ex vivo) and then reinserted back into the body. In the case of a missing gene, a copy of a new gene is inserted into the patients. This is a hot new topic that raises many ethical considerations to resolve. 6.Stem Cell Therapy: the aim is to grow body parts to replace defective human organs and nerves.
Slide 59-

Regenerative Medicine
Slide 60-

ppt slide no 60 content not found
Slide 61-

ppt slide no 61 content not found
Slide 62-

www.bda.bg John Atanasoff (1903 – 2003) Handbooks
Slide 63-

The Swiss Anti-PowerPoint Party has been founded to ban to use of PP. According to the APPP, the use of presentation software costs the Swiss economy US $2.5 billion annually, while across the whole of Europe, presentation software causes an economic loss of US $160 billion. APPP bases its calculations on unverified assumptions about the number of employees attending presentations each week, and supposes that 85% of those employees see no purpose in the presentations. Anti-PowerPoint Party
Slide 64-

ppt slide no 64 content not found
Slide 65-

www.medpharm-sofia.eu
Slide 66-

ppt slide no 66 content not found
Slide 67-

ppt slide no 67 content not found
Slide 68-

ppt slide no 68 content not found
Slide 69-

ppt slide no 69 content not found
Slide 70-

ppt slide no 70 content not found
Slide 71-

ppt slide no 71 content not found
Slide 72-

ppt slide no 72 content not found
Slide 73-

ppt slide no 73 content not found
Slide 74-

ppt slide no 74 content not found
Slide 75-

Integrative medicine is the combination of the practices and methods of alternative medicine with conventional medicine. The term is relatively recent, and is mainly promoted by proponents of alternative therapies in the west. Some universities and hospitals have departments of integrative medicine. Integrative medicine