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Introduction To Cell And Molecular Biology PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical PowerPoint presentation titled "Introduction to Cell and Molecular Biology" by Dr Helen E. Chick, PhD.
This medical PowerPoint presentation talks about cell and molecular biology, the study of cells, their structure, function, and molecular processes. Cells are the basic unit of life, and molecular biology deals with the study of the molecular basis of biological activity, including the interactions between molecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and other biomolecules.
Cell biology focuses on the structure, function, and organization of cells, including their organelles, membranes, and cytoplasm. It also deals with the processes of cell division, differentiation, and communication.
Molecular biology, on the other hand, deals with the study of the molecular basis of life processes, including the structure and function of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, as well as the processes of transcription, translation, and gene regulation.
Together, cell and molecular biology provide a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms that govern the behavior of living organisms at the cellular and molecular level. This knowledge has profound implications for a wide range of fields, from medicine and biotechnology to ecology and evolution.

Tags : Cell and Molecular Biology, DNA, RNA, proteins, biomolecules, Genetics, Genetics PowerPoint presentation

Published on : Mar 27, 2023 | Views : 2025 | Downloads : 2

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Slide 1-

Introduction to Cell and Molecular Biology Dr Helen E. Chick, PhD Introduction video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFuEo2ccTPA http://www.promocell.com
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Learning Objectives: Knowledge and understanding in cell and molecular biology research in life sciences and medicine Gain independent thought into research Encourage the new scientists of tomorrow’s world Biology is fabulous!
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Can you think of any cell and molecular biology words that come to mind? Write down key words Lets share them together.
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Actin Filaments Animal cells Plant cells Plasma Membrane Extracellular Matrix Golgi Apparatus Lysosome mitosis DNA replication Centrioles Ribosomes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Apoptosis Centrosomes Mitochondria Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Genoptype Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus DNA methylation Histones epigenetics Cell Cycle (G0, G1, M and G2 phases) Genetic finger printing Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase There are some many………
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Genetics, Organelles, Cells, Tissues and Organs Complexity We are all amazing because we are all made up of about 37 trillion cells of 200 different types.
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Cells are the fundamental unit of living organisms (the building blocks) The invention of the telescope made the Cosmos accessible to human observation - the microscope opened up smaller worlds. Cell biology has been studied since 16th century Physiological properties Structure Organelles Life cycle Division – mitosis and meiosis Cell death Interactions between cells an their extracellular environment Core for developmental biology, stem cell research, immunology and cancer biology Cell Biology
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Explore the cell: Cell model Cell video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KQbVr9kFO0 What organelles can you stop in this video? – write them down. Actin Filaments Plasma Membrane Extracellular Matrix Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Centrioles Centrosomes Mitochondria Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Nucleus
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1595 – Jansen: developed the first light microscope1655 – Hooke: described ‘cells’ in cork.1833 – Brown: described the cell’s nucleus from the orchid.1839 – Schleiden & Schwann: proposed cell theory (all organisms are comprised of cells).1858 – Rudolf Virchow: omnis cellula e cellula - cells develop only from pre-existing cells by a process called cell division1894 – Altmann: first described mitochondria.1874 – Flemming: described chromosome behaviour during mitosis.1898 – Golgi: described the Golgi apparatus. 1925  Gorter & Grendel: described the basic structure of the plasma membrane. 1945  Porter et al. pioneers in this field of electron microscopy and were the first to identify the endoplasmic reticulum and many elements of the cytoskeleton. Cell biologist today are still researching the cell. References: Mullock BM & Luzio JP, Theory of Organelle Biogenesis: a Historical Perspective (2005). Landes Biosciences, P. 1-13. Muzzarello P, A Unifying Concept: the History of Cell Theory (1999). Nature Cell Biology, 1, E13-E15. Exploring the History of Cell Biology: Timeline
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All known living things are made up of cells. The cell is structural & functional unit of all living things. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division (spontaneous generation does not occur). Cells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. Cells are similar in chemical composition. All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells. References: Mullock BM & Luzio JP, Theory of Organelle Biogenesis: a Historical Perspective (2005). Landes Biosciences, P. 1-13. Muzzarello P, A Unifying Concept: the History of Cell Theory (1999). Nature Cell Biology, 1, E13-E15. Modern Cell Theory
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http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/media/transfer/doc/classifying_microbes_poster.pdf The Society for General Microbiology
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Similarities Prokaryotes/Bacteria Eukaryotes Plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer and regulates permeability) Genetic material – DNA Cell Wall – except animal cells Ribosome - catalyse protein synthesis Cytoplasm/cytosol – comprising of water, glucose, proteins and ions. The cell: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
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Differences Prokaryotes/Bacteria Eukaryotes Bacteria Size: 1-10mm Cell Wall (murein) No distinct subcellular organelles Circular chromosome – nucleoid Often plasmids, RNA and Ribosomes Unicellular or multicellular Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) is most studied bacterium Plants, animals, fungi and protists (algae and protozoa) Size: 10-100mm Cell Wall – only plants, fungi and protists (cellulose) Well defined subcellular compartments bounded by lipid membranes Cytoplasm consists of organelles, ribosomes, cytoskeleton (shape, movement and organises many metabolic functions) Cytoskeleton: microtubules made of tublin & microfilaments made of actin. Most are multicellular Differentiate to specialized tissue/cells Learning resources from the society for general microbiology Practical microbiology: http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/media/transfer/doc/sgm_basic_practical_microbiology_2.pdf Looking at microbes: http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/students/microbe-passports-1#/home http://www.abcam.com/alpha-smooth-muscle-actin-antibody-1a4-fitc-ab8211.html Cytoskeleton – tublin and actin
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Exploring organelles Prokaryotes/Bacteria Eukaryotes Nucleus – Cellular DNA. Transcription & processing of RNA. Nuclear pores within the nuclear membrane. Mitochondria – Cellular respiration, the oxidation of nutrients to generate energy in the form of adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP). 1-2mm in diameter. 1000-2000 per cell. Smooth outer membrane & Inner folded membrane (cristae). Derived from prokaryotes and retain DNA (circular), RNA and protein machinery. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – Cytoplasmic membrane system for lipid biosynthesis and xenobiotic metabolism. Smooth and Rough ER. Rough ER has ribosome attached for protein synthesis. Golgi Apparatus – Protein and lipids produced are packaged in the Golgi for final destination. Lysosomes – Small membrane-bound organelles & bud off from the Golgi. Consist of degradative enzymes for proteins, nucleic acid, lipids and carbohydrates (macromolecules). Centrioles – Regulator of the cell cycle and cytoskeletal organisation. Nucleoid – composed of circular double-stranded DNA. Plasmid DNA – Short circular DNA and replicates independently of the cell genome. Mesosome – Folds of the plasma membrane with associated respiration enzymes. Instead of mitochondria. Ribosomes – Smaller, scattered throughout the cytoplasm Pilli – protein rods for cell-cell attachment and DNA transfer. Flagellum – Motility of many bacteria Cell Wall – Rigid and made up of murein (polysaccharide cross-linked by peptide chains). Gram-positive thicker walls compared to Gram-negative. Protection from lysozymes and penicillin. Capsule – slime layer of mucilage and helps bacteria form colonies.
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Explore molecular biology and genetics: What is this model demonstrating? Genome video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJycRYBNtwY What Molecular and Genetic words/phrases can you stop in this video? – write them down. Molecular Biology Cells archive information in the form of DNA, which serves as a master set of instructions for building proteins. Protein functions: organelle biosynthesis, structural supports, catalysts of biochemical reactions and aid in the cell's internal and external environments/signalling. The length of DNA in each cell is 2 metres long.
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Discuss: What Molecular & Genetic words/phrases can you spot in this video? human genome project Cells mitochondrial DNA Haplotype Nucleus 23 pairs of chromosomes & 46 chromosome DNA Phenotype Genetics 2 metres long DNA Genetic coding (4 bases) RNA polymerase SNP transcription of DNA in the nucleus to mRNA Ribosomes Genetic Variants tRNA Tandem Repeats Amino Acids Polypeptide Mutations Genotype Translation of mRNA to proteins in the cytoplasm Human complexity – muscle, hair, eye colour, hormones, biochemical reactions, diseases etc..........
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Exploring the History of Molecular Biology and Genetics Timelines to explore: http://www.bioinformatics.nl/webportal/background/timeline.html http://www.dnai.org/timeline/ February 28th 1952 – The double Helix This is the date when Watson & Crick (at the University of Cambridge) announced the structure of DNA in the Eagle pub, Cambridge
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Molecular Biology and genetics DNA: DeoxyriboNucleic Acid RNA: RiboNucleic Acid Bases: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) = Purines Cytosine (C) & Thymine (T) = Pyrimidines RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine Base sugar = Nucleoside (Deoxyribonucleoside & Ribonucleoside) Base sugar and phosphate unit = nucleotide . Many form a polynucleotide Phosphodiester bonds = link nucleotides for nucleic acid polymer Hydrogen bonding between paired bases Each chain is complimentary Pentose sugar Ribose Deoxyribose Phosphate group Phosphodiester bond DNA Packaging DNA replication DNA Double Helix Minor Groove Major Groove RNA DNA transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase RNA used as a primer in DNA replication Ribosomal RNA tRNA aids in translation of mRNA into protein Chromatin – DNA bound to histones (DNA packaging proteins) DNA and histones are organised into nucleosomes. Eight histones = histone octamer These are linked by linker DNA Double helix is unwound and the base-pairs are separated by DNA helicase. Semi-conservative replication Nucleotides are linked covalently by DNA polymerase Lagging and leading strands DNA ligase for the shorts strands on the lagging strand
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Molecular Biology and genetics Transcription & translation
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Molecular Biology and genetics Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): DNA amplification Denaturation at 94oC Primer annealing at 55oC Polymerization 72oC by DNA polymerase Applications: Diagnosis Therapy Historical studies Forensic analysis Cloning and sequencing Research – genome, genetic variants Maybe Dinosaur production in the future – Jurassic world!
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Molecular Biology and genetics Figure 2: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Invented in the 1980s Two key innovations facilitated the use of PCR in the laboratory: the discovery of a DNA polymerase that is stable at the high temperatures used in step 1 of PCR and the development of automated thermal cyclers (machines that bring about the rapid temperature changes necessary for the different steps of PCR).© 2014 Nature Education Adapted from Pierce, Benjamin. Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 2nd ed. All rights reserved. PCR is like a photocopier for DNA
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DNA electrophoresis Applications: DNA finger printing for Parentage and Forensics Genetic cloning – DNA profiling   https://www.thenakedscientists.com/podcasts/science-scrapbook/how-does-dna-fingerprinting-work Genetic finger printing video:
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Mitosis – Cell division https://www.labtube.tv/video/mesc-cell-mitosis Apoptosis – programmed cell death: https://www.labtube.tv/video/apoptosis Necrosis - premature death of cells due to injury, infection, cancer, infarction, toxins and inflammation. Migration, differentiation etc…
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Molecular Biology and genetics Epigenetics: Genetic control Switch genes on or off and determine which proteins are transcribed: DNA methylation Histone modifications Nucleosome positioning All critical for regulating gene expression. Our cells all have the same DNA, but our bodies contain many different types of cells: neurons, liver cells, pancreatic cells, inflammatory cells, and others. Because certain sets of genes that are "turned on" or expressed, as well as other sets that are "turned off" or inhibited. Differential expression. Reference: http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/epigenetic-influences-and-disease-895#
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Restriction enzymes and DNA modifying enzymes (i.e. genetic editing) For example, EcoRI restriction enzyme was once a defend mechanism to remove foreign DNA in bacteria, but we have genetically engineered them to be useful tools in cloning – NEB (Don Comb). Founded in the mid-1970s as a collective of scientists committed to developing innovative products for the life sciences industry, New England Biolabs is now a recognized world leader in the discovery, development and commercialization of recombinant and native enzymes for genomic research. https://www.neb.com/about-neb PCR, gene expression, cellular analysis, RNA analysis and epigenetics Genetic editing tools: Over 3 billion base pairs in a single human’s DNA It is difficult to pinpoint what sequences are important in health and disease Cas9/CRISPR are like scissors for precise gene targeting
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Chromatin / Epigenetics Resources Protein Acetylation Histone Methylation Examples of Crosstalk Between Post-translational Modifications MAP Kinase Signaling Resources MAPK/Erk in Growth and Differentiation G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Signaling to MAPK/Erk SAPK/JNK Signaling Cascades p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways Apoptosis Resources Regulation of Apoptosis Inhibition of Apoptosis Death Receptor Signaling Mitochondrial Control of Apoptosis Autophagy Resources Autophagy Signaling PI3K / Akt Signaling Resources PI3K / Akt Signaling mTOR Signaling Translational Control, Protein Synthesis, and RNA Regulation Resources Regulation of eIF4E and p70 S6 Kinase Regulation of eIF2 Overview: Translational Control Calcium, cAMP and Lipid Signaling Resources Protein Kinase C Signaling Phospholipase Signaling Cell Cycle, Checkpoint Control and DNA Damage Resources G1/S Checkpoint G2M/DNA Damage Checkpoint Cellular Metabolism Resources Insulin Receptor Signaling AMPK Signaling Warburg Effect Hypoxia Signaling Stem Cell Markers, Development and Differentiation Hippo Signaling Pathway ESC Pluripotency and Differentiation Pathway Stem Cell & Lineage Markers Wnt / β-Catenin Signaling Pathway Notch Signaling Pathway Hedgehog Signaling Pathway TGF-β Signaling Pathway Immunology and Inflammation Jak/Stat: IL-6 Receptor Signaling NF-κB Signaling Toll-Like Receptor Signaling B Cell Receptor Signaling T-Cell Receptor Signaling Inflammasome Signaling Tyrosine Kinase Resources ErbB / HER Signaling Angiogenesis Resources Angiogenesis Adhesion and Extracellular Matrix Resources Adherens Junction Dynamics Neuroscience Resources Amyloid Plaque and Neurofibrillary Tangle Formation in Alzheimer's Disease Dopamine Signaling in Parkinson's Disease Vesicle Trafficking Presynaptic Signaling Cytoskeletal Regulation and Vesicle Trafficking Resources Regulation of Microtubule Dynamics Regulation of Actin Dynamics Nuclear Receptor Resources Nuclear Receptor Signaling Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Protein Resources Ubiquitin / Proteasome Protein Folding Organelle Markers - See more at: https://www.cellsignal.com/common/content/content.jsp?id=science-pathways#sthash.gyZVTqJ7.dpuf Cell signalling pathways
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http://www.cellsignal.com/contents/science/cst-pathways/science-pathways Cell signalling:
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Explanation to cell and molecular biology research Organelle Diseases: Mitochondrial diseases Dysfunctional mitochondria Mutations in mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA 1 in 200 children in the UK Mitochondrial DNA disease is passed down from mother to child Currently no cure Unlikely to survive childhood The Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research at Newcastle University has developed a treatment known as mitochondrial donation (http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/About-us/Policy/Spotlight-issues/Mitochondrial-diseases/) Epigenetics related diseases/disorders Cancer Mental Retardation Obesity Immunodeficiency (http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/epigenetic-influences-and-disease-895) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944598) Cancer Epigenetics DNA mutations Inherited genes Cell cycle Hormones and growth factors – proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of cells http://www.nature.com/scitable/search-scitable?criteria=cancer Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Gene and Cell Therapy Antibodies for therapy and diagnostics Gene engineering – e.g Insulin, cloning Stem cells – iPSC Personalised medicine Diagnosis Covered in next lecture. Metabolic Diseases – for example Diabetes (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicdisorders.html) Cell cycle related diseases/disorders: Cancer Cardiovascular diseases Infection Inflammation Neurodegenerative (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20964732) Cell signalling diseases/disorders– for example CVD, tissue repair, neurological
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The explosion of knowledge brought about by improvements in microscopy, biochemistry, and genetics has led to a depth of understanding of cell structure and function undreamed of by the earliest cell biologists.
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Publicity Nature (http://www.nature.com/) New Scientist (http://www.newscientist.com/) Naked Scientist (http://www.thenakedscientists.com/) LabTube (https://www.labtube.tv/) Search engines for journals Pubmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.co.uk/) Biotechology websites Life Technologies (https://www.lifetechnologies.com/uk/en/home.html) Abcam http://www.abcam.com/ New England Biolabs (NEB) (http://www.neb.uk.com/) Illumina (http://www.illumina.com/) Horizon (http://www.horizondiscovery.com/ ) Company websites GSK (http://uk.gsk.com/) Medimmune (https://www.medimmune.com/) Babraham Research park (http://www.babraham.co.uk/about/about.html) Pfizer (http://www.pfizer.co.uk/) OxfordBiomedica (http://www.oxfordbiomedica.co.uk/) How to research the cellular and molecular universes yourself: Institute websites Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (https://www.sanger.ac.uk/) Ensembl (http://www.ensembl.org/index.html) Genome databases for vertebrates and other eukaryotic species. Human Genome (https://www.genome.gov/11006943) British Society of Gene and Cell Therapy (http://www.bsgct.org/en/) European Society of Gene and Cell Therapy(http://www.esgct.eu/) American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy (http://www.asgct.org/)
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‘UNIVERSITY CHALLENGE’ QUIZ Form groups – four teams required Are you ready for the cell and molecule biology quiz?!
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References Bianconi E. et al. An estimation of the number of cells in the human body (2013). Ann Hum Biol; 40 (6): 463-71. W. R. Pickering. Oxford Revision guides, AS & A level Human Biology through diagrams. Turner P. et al. Bios Instant Notes, Molecular Biology, 3rd edition. All images are from Clip Art on MicroSoft Word
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Question two: Name these organelles (1 point for each organelle)?
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Simple DNA extraction Alkaline cell lysis to break open the cells and organelles Alcohol/ethanol precipitation: DNA remaining in the aqueous layer is concentrated by ethanol precipitation.