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Infectious Diseases PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Influenza (Flu), which is titled "Infectious Diseases", to know about various infectious diseases and their causes.

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Published on : Aug 29, 2021 | Views : 1893 | Downloads : 1

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Slide 1-

Infectious Diseases Assoc. Prof. Jan Laco, MD, PhD
Slide 2-

Infectious diseases 1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Mycetes 4. Parasites
Slide 3-

Bacterial infections toxemia = toxins in blood circulation alimentary botulotoxin (Cl. botulinum) enterotoxin (Staphylococci) wound tetanotoxin (Cl. tetani) other diphtheratoxin (C. diphtheriae) regressive changes (liver, kidney, heart)
Slide 4-

Bacterial infections bacteremia = bacteria in blood circulation time-limited elimination by immune system e.g.: digestion, tooth extraction, tonsillectomy, catheter, cystoscopy… !!! heart valves defect  infective endocarditis  ATB cover !!!
Slide 5-

Bacterial infections sepsis = bacteria > immune system fever + splenomegaly + lymphadenopathy streptococci, staphylococci metastasizing sepsis (septicemia) nasopharynx  menings (N. meningitidis) pulmonary abscess  brain abscess furuncle  bones + kidney (Staphylococci)
Slide 6-

Bacterial infections pyemia (septicopyemia) = thrombi + bacteria in blood circulation sequela: septic infarction  metastatic abscess 1. central – infective endocarditis  brain, kidney, skin, … 2. peripheral – purulent thrombophlebitis (p.t.)  lungs 3. portal – p. t. of portal vein branch  liver 4 . umbilical – p.t. of umbilical vein (newborn)
Slide 7-

Staphylococci Gram+, common normally on skin + mucosa skin abscesses x sepsis nosocomial infections secondary infections (influenza) Staph. aureus + Staph. epidermidis
Slide 8-

Staphylococci 1. skin lesions (wounds) furuncle  carbuncle (DM) impetigo panaritium 2. mastitis (breast feeding woman) 3. osteomyelitis + arthritis 4. enterocolitis + alimentary enterotoxicosis 5. acute infective endocarditis 6. toxic shock syndrome
Slide 9-

Streptococci Gram+, common β-hemolytic (A-D, G) Str. pyogenes (A) Str. agalactiae (B) – mother´s vagina  newborn´s meningitis α-viridans (H) subacute infective endocarditis Str. mutans – caries, pulpitis anaerobic (Peptostreptococci) – oral cavity
Slide 10-

Streptococci Str. pyogenes (A) 1. local inf. – phlegmone, impetigo, wound inf. 2. angina (tonsilitis)  otitis, sinusitis 3. scarlet fever (erythrogenic toxin) angina + oral enanthema (raspberry tongue) + skin exanthema (face, trunk) 4. erysipelas skin erythema (lower limbs, face) + toxemia lymphatic + blood vein thrombosis  lymphostasis  edema  elephantiasis
Slide 11-

Streptococci sequelae (Streptococcus A) M protein cross reaction (immune) acute glomerulonephritis rheumatic fever
Slide 12-

Pneumococci Str. pneumoniae Gram+ diplococci children rhinitis, nasopharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis adults lobar pneumonia  meningitis
Slide 13-

Neisseria Gram- diplococci N. meningitidis sporadic x endemic children, young adults, soldiers nasopharynx  menings !!! rapid course  death (hours) !!! meningeal syndrom + skin purpura + DIC Waterhouse-Fridrichsen syndrome meningococcal sepsis + DIC + bleeding in adrenals (insufficiency)
Slide 14-

Neisseria N. gonorrhoeae gonorrhoea – STD purulent inflammation + discharge M: urethritis  prostate, vesicles F: kolpitis, cervicitis  endometritis  salpingo-oophoritis  sterility distant complication: arthritis (knee)
Slide 15-

Escherichia coli Gram- rod normal in colon x other location - pathogenic enteropatogenic – diarrhoea (newborn) enteroinvasive – diarrhoea (adults) enterotoxigenic – travellers´ diarrhoea enterohemorrhagic - verotoxin hemorrhagic colitis hemolytic-uremic syndrome (children)
Slide 16-

Salmonella S. typhi – typhoid fever food  bowel  liver  gallbladder  bowel ileum 1. hyperplasia of RES in ileum – typhoid cells 2. mucosal necroses upon Peyer patches 3. ulcerations 4. reparation  scar complications bowel perforation/hemorrhage chronic carriage (gallbladder)
Slide 17-

Salmonella S. paratyphi – paratyphoid fever S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium gastroenteritis + enterocolitis alimentary vomiting + diarrhoea
Slide 18-

Shigella S. dysenteriae, S. sonnei., S. flexneri bacillar dysentery „dirty hands“ + alimentary hemorrhagic colitis + ulcers + pseudomembranes
Slide 19-

Campylobacter + Helicobacter Campylobacter jejuni infants diarrhoea Helicobacter pylori asymptomatic etiology of: chronic gastritis peptic ulcer of stomach and duodenum gastric carcinoma gastric MALT-lymphoma
Slide 20-

Vibrio V. cholerae – cholera water, food, ill man massive watery diarrhoea (15 l) !!! NO inflammation x enterotoxin dehydration  collapse cholera nostras - enterotoxins
Slide 21-

Klebsiella K. pneumoniae pneumonia lung + liver abscesses K. rhinoscleromatis ulcerations of upper airways
Slide 22-

Haemophilus H. influenzae superinfection of viral infections children – epiglottitis, meningitis, pneumonia adults - otitis, sinusitis, bronchitis H. ducreyi ulcus molle (chancroid, soft chancre) - STD
Slide 23-

Corynebacterium C. diphtheriae – diphtheria children pseudomembranous tonsilitis + laryngitis airway obstruction diphtheratoxin - myocarditis
Slide 24-

Bordetella B. pertussis – whooping cough children acute inflammation of upper airways cough + vomiting + face edema
Slide 25-

Pseudomonas P. aeruginosa colonization of respiratory and urinary tract immunocompromised patients plastic, catheters serious nosocomial infection pneumonia, enterocolitis, meningitis, sepsis
Slide 26-

Listeria L. monocytogenes milk, cheese, meal necrotising granulomatous inflammation transplacental abortion granulomatosis infantiseptica newborn meningitis adults meningitis
Slide 27-

Bacillus B. anthracis – anthrax animal products + dust hemorrhagic necrotising lesions skin – pustula maligna lungs, GIT, …
Slide 28-

Yersinia Y. pestis - plague rodents  rats  flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) man bubonic plague skin bite  LN (groin)  hemorrhagic necrosis (black color) + fistulas pneumonic plague lung abscesses  mortality WHO report
Slide 29-

Yersinia Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica – lymphadenitis mesenterialis children, ~ appendicitis alimentary bowel  mesenteric LN operation: normal app. + enlarged LN purulent granulomatous inflammation
Slide 30-

Francisella F. tularensis - tularemia (hare disease) rodents  man regional LN – hemorrhagic necrosis + granulomatous inflammation ulceroglandular – most common, skin wound oculoglandular - coniunctiva typhoid – sepsis pneumonic
Slide 31-

Legionella L. pneumophila water flu-like x pneumonia complications pancarditis skin + liver abscesses
Slide 32-

Clostridium Cl. tetani – tetanus wound  toxins (blood, nerves)  spinal cord  spasms of striated muscles (necroses) risus sardonicus + opisthotonus 10-50% mortality Cl. botulinum - botulism meal from tins (toxin) visual disturbances, muscle paralysis  respiratory insufficiency + arrhythmias  death
Slide 33-

Clostridium Cl. perfringens wound  emphysematous gangrene Cl. difficile pseudomembranous enterocolitis after ATB treatment
Slide 34-

Leptospira L. icterohaemorrhagica – Weil´s disease rodents´ urine + skin wound fever + jaundice + anuria liver - necroses + nephritis muscle necroses + myocarditis
Slide 35-

Spirochetes Treponema pallidum – syphilis (lues)
Slide 36-

Borrelia B. recurrentis – febris recurrens ill man  louse  infection mucosal hemorrhages + microabscesses liver + spleen necroses B. burgdorferi – Lyme disease rodents  tick (Ixodes)  man 1. erythema migrans (skin) 2. multiple EM + CNS + heart + joints 3. acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans + CNS
Slide 37-

Mycobacterium M. tuberculosis – TBC M. leprae – leprosy atypical mycobacteria M. kansasi, M. xenopi, M. intracellulare-avium TBC ~ pneumonia in AIDS patients
Slide 38-

Actinomyces A. izraelii – actinomycosis normal in oral cavity firm infl. infiltrate  fibrosis (scar)  fistulas 1. cervicofacial – most common 2. thoracic – lung abscesses 3. abdominal – IUD  salphingo-oophoritis Mi: pus + act. colonies + Hoeppli-Splendore phenomenon
Slide 39-

Mycoplasma NO cellular wall children + young adults M. pneumoniae pneumonia, otitis, sinusitis M. hominis non-gonococcal urethritis Ureaplasma urealyticum non-gonococcal urethritis
Slide 40-

Rickettsia intracellular R. prowazeki – spotted fever (typhus exanthematicus) ill man  louse (Pediculus h. corporis)  skin wound endothelium (+ vasculitis)  blood circulation skin exanthema + petechiae encephalitis + myocarditis  mortality (20-70%) recurrence (20 years) – Brill-Zinser disease (LN)
Slide 41-

Rickettsia R. rickettsii – Rocky Mountain fever tick (Dermacentor) Coxiella burnetii - Q fever Australia animal milk, dust inbreathing atypical pneumonia liver + bone granulomas
Slide 42-

Bartonella B. quintana – trench fever eastern Europe B. henselae bacillary angiomatosis + peliosis hepatis cat scratch disease regional LN – purulent granulomatous infl.
Slide 43-

Chlamydia intracellular Chl. psittaci – ornithosis (psittacosis, parrot disease) poultry dust inhealing - interstitial pneumonia Chl. trachomatis (L1-3) – veneric lymphogranuloma STD (Africa, Asia) skin + mucosal painless ulcers (M: penis x F: cervix) LN: abscesses + necrosis + epithelioid cells
Slide 44-

Chlamydia Chl. trachomatis (A, B, C) - trachoma contagious keratoconiunctivitis hypertrophic coniunctivitis  pannus over cornea  blindness Chl. trachomatis (D-K) - urethritis Reiter syndrome: urethritis + arthritis + coniunctivitis Chl. pneumoniae (TWAR) – atypical pneumonia
Slide 45-

Infectious diseases 1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Mycetes 4. Parasites
Slide 46-

Viruses intracellular DNA or RNA cytopatogenic effect inclusions intranuclear (IN) intracytoplasmic (IC)
Slide 47-

DNA viruses 1. Poxvirus 2. Herpesvirus 3. Adenovirus – pneumonia, ep. keratoconiuctivitis 4. Papovavirus 5. Parvovirus – erythema infectiosum 6. Hepadnavirus – HBV (Dane´s part.) - hepatitis B
Slide 48-

Poxviridae 1. Variola (smallpox) E. Jenner - vaccination world-wide eradication ill man  air droplets skin: macula  papula  pustula  scar (face) IC - Guarnieri bodies generalization  necroses (liver, spleen, kidney..)  mortality
Slide 49-

Poxviridae 2. Vaccinia (cows) 3. Molluscum contagiosum common children skin firm papules + central pit IC mollusca bodies
Slide 50-

Herpesviridae 1. Herpes simplex virus - HSV1, HSV2 2. Varicella-zoster virus - VZV 3. Epstein-Barr virus - EBV 4. Cytomegalovirus - CMV 5. HHV8 (KSV) – Kaposi sarcoma
Slide 51-

Herpes simplex virus epidermotropism + neurotropism intraepithelial blister + IN eos. inclusions (Lipschutz) HSV1 – oral (kissing) primary – h. gingivostomatitis (lips, vestibulum) reactivation – h. labialis HSV2 – genital, perianal (STD) M: balanoposthitis, proctitis F: vulvitis, cervicitis, proctitis newborn infection (delivery) complications: esophagitis, hepatitis, encephalitis
Slide 52-

Varicella-zoster virus 1. Varicella (chickenpox) contagious febrile disease children skin + mucosa: small blisters  ulcers complication interstitial pneumonia encephalitis
Slide 53-

Varicella-zoster virus 2. Herpes zoster (shingles) adults reactivation from sensitive nerve ganglia unilateral !!! painfull blisters in dermatoma of one nerve trunk - intercostal nn. face – n. V – h.z. ophthalmicus – keratitis complication: paresthesias
Slide 54-

Epstein-Barr virus 1. Infectious mononucleosis kissing disease, children acute fever + RES tonsils (pseudomembranous a.) + LN + splenomegaly (rupture!) + liver (hepatitis) blood: lymphocytosis + atypical lymphocytes 2. Burkitt lymphoma (Africa – jaws) 3. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type 4. Hodgkin´s lymphoma (probably) 5. Lymphoepithelial carcinoma (nasopharynx)
Slide 55-

Cytomegalovirus infectious saliva, blood, urine, milk, STD IN bas. inclusions („owl eye“) asymptomatic fetus brain (microcephaly, hydrocephalus, calcifications) ear, eye, liver, blood marrow, kidney, salivary glands adults – AIDS, immunosupresion
Slide 56-

Papovaviridae – Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV) affinity to squamous epithelium oncogennic effect koilocytes (perinuclear halo) low risk – 6, 11 warts, condyloma acuminatum (STD) oral + laryngeal papillomas high risk – 16, 18, 31 cervical, vaginal, vulvar, perianal carcinomas !!! – STD squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx
Slide 57-

RNA viruses 1. Orthomyxovirus 2. Paramyxovirus 3. Rhabdovirus 4. Retrovirus – HIV - AIDS 5. Arenavirus 6. Coronavirus 7. Bunyavirus 8. Reovirus 9. Togavirus 10. Picornavirus
Slide 58-

Orthomyxoviridae influenza (flu)  infectious febrile d. epidemic acute onset, fever, general symptoms pharyngitis + hemorrhagic tracheitis complications atypical pneumonia bacterial superinfections (H. influenzae)
Slide 59-

Paramyxoviridae respiratory syncytial virus infants atypical pneumonia (Adams p.) bronchiolitis obliterans adults upper airways infection
Slide 60-

Paramyxoviridae morbilli (measles)  infectious exanthematous d., children 1st stage – flu-like, Koplik´s spots (cheek) 2nd stage – skin exanthema + RES (LN, tonsils, spleen, appendix) Warthin-Finkelday giant multinucleated cells complications atypical pneumonia encephalitis acute postinfective subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (late)
Slide 61-

Paramyxoviridae parotitis epidemica (mumps) acute flu-like d. + SG swelling, children unilateral x bilateral, painful  parotis + .. complications orchitis + oophoritis (sterility) pancreatitis meningoencephalitis
Slide 62-

Togaviridae rubeola (German measles, rubella) ~ measles skin exanthema + nuchal LN transplacental  fetus malformations Gregg´s syndrome (eye, ear, brain, heart)
Slide 63-

Rhabdoviridae lyssa (rabies) animal (dog, fox) saliva  bite  along nerves  CNS neurons (cornu Amonis) – IC Negri bodies hydrophobia, muscle spasms, furiousity, psychic alterations !!! always lethal !!!
Slide 64-

Arboviridae = ARthropode BOrn 1. encephalitis transmission by insects (mosquito, tick (Ixodes ricinus)) geographic distribution blood  CNS (basal ganglia, cerebellum) perivascular lymphocytic infl. flu-like  CNS disorders 2. febris flava (yellow fever) – America, Africa liver necroses
Slide 65-

Picornaviridae 1. Enteroviruses Polioviruses Coxsackie-viruses Echoviruses – flu-like d. 2. Rhinoviruses coryza (common cold) – purulent rhinitis stomatitis epizootica (foot and mouth disease) stomatitis + small blisters and ulcers
Slide 66-

Polioviruses poliomyelitis anterior acuta acute febrile d., children direct contact, water CNS - necrosis of motoneurons of anterior horns of spinal cord muscle paresis, paralyses (lower limbs) neurogenic atrophy
Slide 67-

Coxsackie - viruses epidemic d., children herpangina – pharyngitis myocarditis meningitis polymyositis
Slide 68-

Viral hepatitis
Slide 69-

Infectious diseases 1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Mycetes 4. Parasites
Slide 70-

Mycetes 1. Mycoses true infectious diseases 2. Mycotoxicoses poisoning by fungal toxins – liver necroses 3. Mycoallergoses allergic reaction to fungal products 4. Mycetism local inflammation by fungi
Slide 71-

Mycoses normal saprophytes in man immunosupression – opportunistic infection endogenous purulent, granulomatous infl. superficial m. skin + mucosa deep m. organ involvement + systemic infection
Slide 72-

Superficial mycoses = dermatophytoses Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton limited to epidermis (scales) + skin adnexa Tinea capitis, T. barbae, T. corporis, T. pedis et manus, T. unguium (nails) Pityriasis versicolor (Malassezia furfur)
Slide 73-

Deep mycoses candidosis aspergillosis cryptococcosis pneumocystosis mucormycosis – pneumonias, rhinocerebral inf. histoplasmosis – H. capsulatum - ~ TBC blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis
Slide 74-

Candidosis C. albicans – normal in oral cavity hyphae (non-branching) + blastospores soor (moniliasis, trush) pseudomembranous inflammation stomatitis, esophagitis, vulvitis, colpitis hematogenous dissemination
Slide 75-

Aspergillosis A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus branching hyphae (“Y“) aflatoxins (hepatotoxic, carcinogenic) angiotropism necrotising pneumonia aspergilloma - in bronchiectasias, TBC cavernae paranasal sinuses  brain
Slide 76-

Cryptococcosis C. neoformans gelatinous capsule birds (pigeons)  dust  inhale granulomatous pneumonia granulomatous meningoencephalitis
Slide 77-

Pneumocystosis P. carinii/jiroveci infants + AIDS patients interstitial pneumonia + alveoli fulfilled by grayish foamy mass
Slide 78-

Infectious diseases 1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Mycetes 4. Parasites
Slide 79-

Parasites 1. Protozoa 2. Helminths 3. Arthropodes
Slide 80-

Trichomoniasis T. vaginalis STD urogenital tract F: colpitis - purulent discharge M: asymptomatic
Slide 81-

Toxoplasmosis T. gondii contact with infected animal (cat) + a. products transplacentally 1. congenital form abortus hydrocephalus, microophthalmia, chorioretinits, brain cysts, calcifications (Sabin triad) 2. acquired form lymphadenitis (Piringer-Kuchynka) B- and T- zone hyperplasia + tiny epithelioid granulomas
Slide 82-

Trypanosomiasis T. brucei gambiensae, T. b. rhodesiense – sleeping sickness Africa transmission - fly Tse-tse (Glossina) chronic meningoencephalitis – coma – death T. cruzi – Chagas disease America transmission – flatworm (Triatoma) myocarditis
Slide 83-

Leishmaniasis transmission by sandfly L. tropica - skin f. „tropical sore“ – spontaneous regress L. donovani - visceral f. „kala-azar“ (black fever) RES – LN + hepatosplenomegaly
Slide 84-

Amoebiasis Entamoeba histolytica food + water amoebic dysentery blood stools + diarrhoea + fever ulcers (~ bottle) in colon (caecum) complication portal v.  liver - abscesses
Slide 85-

Lambliasis L. (Giardia) intestinalis food + water chronic enteritis (small bowel) – diarrhoea anemia
Slide 86-

Malaria !!! most important and serious tropics d.!!! Plasmodium M. tertiana (P. vivax, P. ovale) M. quartana (P. malariae) M. tropica (jungle fever) (P. falciparum) 1 mil death annually transmission – Anopheles
Slide 87-

Malaria hepatocytes  erythrocytes  breakdown fever attack + shivering hemolytic anemia RES: hepatosplenomegaly + brownblack malaric pigmentum
Slide 88-

Parasites 1. Protozoa 2. Helminths 3. Arthropodes
Slide 89-

Enterobiasis E. vermicularis (pinworm, seatworm) most common, children small bowel  large bowel  anus (eggs) pruritus appendicopathia oxyurica complication infection of genitals in girls (scribbling)
Slide 90-

Trichinosis (Trichinelliasis) T. spiralis pork  bowel wall  blood  striated muscles  bot encapsulation eye-moving, masticatory, tongue, diaphragm, heart, … surrounding inflammation
Slide 91-

Ascariasis A. lumbricoides common, children food  bowel wall  blood  lungs  cough  pharynx  bowel complication ileus, pneumonia
Slide 92-

Taeniasis + Echinococcosis tapeworms T. saginata, T. solium (cysticercosis) food  bowel  muscles, CNS (rare) E. granulosus dogs bowel wall  liver  cysts – calcification + rupture
Slide 93-

Schistosomiasis (Bilharsiasis) flukes (trematodes) Sch. mansoni water (bathing) liver granulomas, liver fibrosis  cirrhosis Sch. haematobium urinary bladder  chronic cystitis  carcinoma ? haematuria
Slide 94-

Parasites 1. Protozoa 2. Helminths 3. Arthropodes
Slide 95-

Scabies Sarcoptes scabiei (mite) wars clothes, STD skin corridors  eggs interdigital spaces, genitals pruritus  scribbling  secondary infection
Slide 96-

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) 1. Bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae - gonorrhoea Treponema pallidum - syphilis Haemophilus ducreyi – chancroid Chlamydia trachomatis – lymphogranuloma venereum Calymnatobacterium granulomatis – granuloma inguinale 2. Viruses HSV - herpes HBV – hepatitis B HPV – condyloma acuminatum + cervical cancer HIV - AIDS 3. Parasites Trichomonas vaginalis – kolpitis (vaginitis) Sarcoptes scabiei - scabies