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Description : Adrenergic drugs bind to adrenergic receptors found all over the body. Adrenergic substances influence the life cycle of adrenergic neurotransmitters (NTs), ......

Tags : biology,adrenergic,life cycle

Published on : Nov 07, 2023 | Views : 1987 | Downloads : 1

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Adrenergic drugs Done by : Qamar Alzoubi 202111664 Yukta Sughand 202110319
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What? Adrenergic drugs bind to adrenergic receptors found all over the body. Adrenergic substances influence the life cycle of adrenergic neurotransmitters (NTs), such as norepinephrine (NE, noradrenaline), epinephrine (E, adrenaline), and dopamine. DRUG TARGET The alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3 receptors are among them.
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Adrenergic drugs Adrenergic agonist Adrenergic Antagonist Also called SYMPATHOMIMETICS They mimic the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Also called SYMPATHOLYTICS They inhibit the action of adrenaline and noradrenaline. How? By affecting the production or activity of the hormones norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine, they can achieve this. These hormones, which the adrenal gland secretes, are in charge of the body's "fight-or-flight" response, which results in blood vessel constriction, an increase in blood pressure, a rise in heart rate, and an increase in the intensity of cardiac contractions.
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Diseases The most common side effects are changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Selective agonist binding to the alpha-1 receptor can lead to hypertension, such as phenylephrine, may cause reflex bradycardia. Drugs that selectively bind to alpha-2 receptors may cause hypotension, dry mouth, and sedation. Selective binding to beta-1 receptors commonly causes tachycardia, palpitations, and hypertension, for example dobutamine. Beta-2 receptor agonists can cause tremors, tachycardia, palpitations, and anxiety. For example, bronchodilator drugs such as albuterol and salmeterol. Non-selective binding the common non-selective agonists are norepinephrine, epinephrine, and isoproterenol (isoprenaline). Common side effects are tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmias, palpitations, and anxiety.
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Physicochemical properties In chemical terms, NE, E, and DA are catecholamines (CAs), which essentially are related to all organic compounds that contain an ethylamine group and an orthodihydroxybenzene (catechol) nucleus. Three hydroxyl groups and one secondary amino group make up the compound E. E and NE can both exist as enantiomeric pairs of isomers since they both contain chiral carbon atoms. The strong affinity that many other adrenergic agents have for the corresponding adrenoceptors is also a result of their (R) configuration.
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Pharmacokinetics (ADME) Beta-1 agonists like dobutamine have dosages that range from 0.5 to 1 mcg/kg/min at the low end to a maximum of 40 mcg/kg/min. Prescriptions for the lesser doses range from 2.5 mcg/kg/min to 5 mcg/kg/min. While higher doses between 5 and 20 mcg/kg/min can be given. While other drugs, like clonidine (an alpha-2 agonist), may be given as transdermal patches with daily dosages of 0.1 to 0.3 mg and a weekly patch change. Clonidine can also be given via an immediate-release tablet at 0.1 mg/day to 0.3 mg/day and an extended-release tablet with a dosage of 0.1 mg/day.
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Mechanism of Action
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MAO in adrenergic drugs The chemicals norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine are eliminated from the brain by a substance called monoamine oxidase. Because MAOIs stop this from occurring, more of these brain chemicals are available to change the cells and circuits affected by depression. They are antidepressants.
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SAR of direct-acting drugs
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SAR of direct-acting drugs
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SAR OF INDIRECT ACTING
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SAR OF INDIRECT ACTING
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SAR OF MIXED-ACTING ADRENERGIC DRUGS Mixed-acting agonists (agonists having both actions) generally have a β-hydroxyl group and a single ring hydroxyl group.
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SAR OF ADRENERGIC ANTAGONIST
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SAR OF ADRENERGIC ANTAGONIST
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CONCLUSION Patients should be watched for bradycardia, hypotension, and possible drug misuse while receiving alpha-2 agonist prescriptions. The administration of beta-2 agonists should be done with care, and patients should be watched for effects on their central nervous systems, blood pressure, heart rate, and paradoxical bronchospasm. Patients have been reported to abuse clonidine either alone or in combination with benzodiazepines and opioid medications. Clonidine may lengthen the high brought on by opioids and lower the dosage of opioids required to achieve euphoria.
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References https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534230/#_article-17240_s4_ https://pocketdentistry.com/6-adrenergic-agonists/ https://www.pharmaguideline.com/