Biological Basis Of Behaviour Medical Presentation

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Biological Basis of Behavior Anam Javaid
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Organization of the Nervous System
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Types of Cells in Nervous System Nervous system consists of two types of cells: Neurons Glial Cells Nerves Neurons are often grouped in bundles called Nerves
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Neurons Neurons or nerve cells are the individual cells that receive, integrate and transmit information. Basic units of the nervous system
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Glial Cells Word comes from the Greek word for ‘glue’ Glial cells provide structural support, nourishment and insulation to the neurons.
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Structure of a Neuron
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Dendrites Looks like roots of a tree Specialized to receive information from other neurons Term “Dendrite” comes from the Greek word meaning Tree The information from the dendrites is passed on to the cell body and then to the axon
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Soma or Cell Body Soma or cell body contain the nucleus Nucleus provides energy to the neuron to carry out its function The term Soma comes from the Greek work for body The cell body relays the information to the axon
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Axon Information is passed from Dendrite  Cell body  Axon Axon is a long, thin fibre that transmits information to other neurons, muscles or glands. Axons of many neurons are wrapped in Myelin Myelin forms an insulating sheath, which minimized leakages of electrical charge passing through the axon. Myelin, at certain junctions on the axon, constricts to form nodes called Nodes of Ranvier. These nodes aid in faster transmission. At the end of each axon are terminal branches.
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Lets Review
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Types of Neurons Sensory or Afferent Neurons The sensory or afferent neurons, which run from the various stimulus receptors (eye, ear, nose, mouth and skin) to the brain and spinal cord. They make the first contact with the external word and carry messages inward.
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Motor or Efferent Neurons The motor or efferent neurons carry messages and commands from the nervous system towards the organs and muscles of the body.
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Types of Neurons Three types of neurons Unipolar Bipolar Multipolar
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Types of Neurons Multipolar neurons have many processes extending from the cell body. Bipolar neurons have two processes extending from the cell body. Unipolar neurons have a single branch. They are typically the neurons that are located in the receptors located in the skin, muscles and internal organs.
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Communication between the Neurons Axon terminal Synapse (gap) Dendrites of next neuron Neurotransmitters
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Continued… Synapse Junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron. Presynaptic Neuron Neuron that transmits the signal Postsynaptic Neuron Neuron that receives the signal Neurotransmitter A chemical that is released by a terminal button
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synapse vesicles Neurotransmitter Receptor
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Presynaptic neurons have synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitter postsynaptic neurons have receptors
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Communication within the Neuron The axon is filled and surrounded with a fluid This fluid has ions, which are positively or negatively charged Positive ions: Sodium and Potassium Negative ions: Chloride ions These ions flow across the cell membrane. However, they do not cross the membrane at the same rate.
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Resting potential A higher concentration of negatively charged ions inside the cell and positively charged ions on the outside. This state of the neuron is called Resting Potential. A typical neuron’s resting potential is -70 mV. Caused by unequal distribution of ions on either side of the membrane Outside contains mostly Sodium (Na+) ions and Chloride ions (Cl-) Inside contains mostly potassium (K+) ions and organic anions (A-)
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Action Potential On encountering a stimulus, which is strong enough to excite the neuron, the resting potential gets disturbed or depolarized, creating an action potential. Positively charged sodium ions quickly rush inside and the negatively charged chloride ions are sent outside the membrane. The resulting change in the electrical charge of the neuron is called action potential. The inside of the neuron becomes less electrically negative relative to the outside, a process called depolarization.
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Central Nervous System Consists of Brain Spinal Cord
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Brain Brain weighs about 1.3 to 1.4 Kg It connects with the rest of the nervous system by means of Spinal cord Spinal cord runs from the base of the brain to just below the level of the waist
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Structure of the Brain
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Parts of the Brain Brain is divided in to three Parts: Fore-brain: Cerebrum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic System Mid-Brain Hind-Brain: Medulla Oblongata, Pons, Cerebellum Brain Stem: Mid Brain and Hind-Brain
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Parts of the Brain
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Cerebellum Cerebellum has a convoluted structure This part is important in the coordination of movement and the sense of equilibrium and balance Damage to this part results in haphazard, jerky movements that lack coordination
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Medulla Oblongata Contains basic survival systems Regulates breathing, circulation, digestive activities, heart beat Pathway for the neural impulses travelling to and from the spinal cord
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PONS Involved in sleeping, waking and dreaming It also plays an important role in respiration and movement
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Thalamus Thalamus lies above the brain stem and is situated between the two cerebral hemispheres. Sensory Relay station It is primarily concerned with the passing of sensory information (except smell) from the senses to the cerebral hemispheres. It also plays an important role in integrating or processing of sensory information Injury to this part of the brain could lead to deafness, blindness or loss of any other sense
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Hypothalamus It lies beneath the thalamus It involves in the regulation of basic biological needs such as eating, drinking and sexual behavior. Another important function of hypothalamus is Homeostasis: the process by which the body maintains normal levels of temperature, blood pressure and hear rate It also plays an important role in emotions and in an individual’s response to stress producing situations It also controls the production of hormones as it influences the pituitary gland, the master endocrine gland
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Limbic system It includes thalamus, hypothalamus, Hippocampus and the amygdala Hippocampus: Involves in formation of memories Amygdala: Plays an important role in emotions especially fear and aggression.
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Cerebrum Largest and the most complex structure of the brain Involved in complex mental activities such as learning, thinking, memory and consciousness Outer layer of the cerebrum is called cerebral cortex or cortex Senses send information to some parts of the cortex while other parts of it seems to be involved in motor responses
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Cerebral Hemispheres Cerebrum is divided into two symmetrical halves (the right and left hemispheres) each divided into four lobes. The two halves are connected by a fibrous band of tissue called corpus callosum Corpus callosum enables communication between the two hemispheres
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Cerebral Hemispheres
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Hemispheric Lateralization The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and the right side of the brain regulates the left side of the body. This is called lateralization of the hemispheres. Discovery of hemispheric lateralization through split-brain experiments: R. W. Sperry
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Lobes of the Brain
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Frontal Lobe Located in the forehead and is the largest lobe of the brain Some of the functions of frontal lobe includes thinking, reasoning, planning, decision-making and memory It contain primary motor cortex areas responsible for controlling the movement of muscles Damage to this area results in impairment of planning and reasoning
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Parietal Lobe Located behind the frontal lobe Parietal Lobe contains somatosensory cortex, which processes information related to the bodily senses such as pain, touch and temperature It is also involved in integrating visual stimuli
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Occipital Lobe Located at the back of parietal and temporal lobes It contains visual cortex which integrates input from the eyes Visual input from the objects in the right visual field is processed in the left occipital lobe and visual field from the objects in the left visual field is processed in the right occipital lobe
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Temporal Lobe Temporal lobe is concerned with the perception and recognition of auditory stimuli and memory It contain auditory cortex Damage to the brain on the left side of the brain can hinder comprehension of speech and language
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Spinal Cord Spinal cord is the main pathway for the passage of information from the body to the brain and vice versa It connects the brain and the Peripheral nervous system Spinal cod is like a long cable that is protected by bones called vertebrae It is located in the vertebral column, which is made up of 31 segments of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae Spinal cord produces reflexes e.g., withdrawing hand or foot to a shock
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Peripheral Nervous System It consists of two major divisions: Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System i) Sympathetic Nervous System ii) Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Somatic Nervous System Somatic nervous system is made up of nerves that connects to the voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors It is composed of two types of nerves: Afferent Nerves and Efferent Nerves Afferent Nerves carry information to the CNS from the periphery Efferent Nerves carry information from the CNS to the periphery It controls voluntary processes such as writing, raising our hand, smiling and so on
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Afferent and Efferent Nerves
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Autonomic Nervous System Many of the activities that this system controls, such as digestion and circulation, are self-regulating and continue even when a person is asleep or unconscious Autonomic nervous system control the glands and the smooth muscles including the heart, the blood vessels and the lining of the stomach and intestines Another important function of ANS is to help individuals handle and recover from the emergency situations. In emergency situations, body typically produces a fight or flight response ANS is divided into two parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic division
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Sympathetic Nervous System More active in situations which involve expending of energy Mobilizes body’s resources for emergencies by creating fight-flight response
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Parasympathetic Nervous System Active in situations where energy is conserved such as eating, slowing hear rate, blood pressure, etc Supports activities that are concerned with increase in the body supply of energy, which may be diminished to the emergency situation
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Glands Human body has two types of glands : Ductless glands: Endocrine glands Duct glands: Exocrine glands Duct glands are those which have ducts or canals through which secretions are secreted. For example: Tear gland, salivary gland, Sweat gland Ductless glands release hormones directly into the blood stream to be carried to the other locations where they take their action
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Hormones A hormone is a chemical that is secreted by the endocrine glands into the bloodstream and transported to other parts of the body, where it has specific effects on cells that recognize its messages Some of the endocrine glands are pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland and the gonads
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Pituitary Gland Pituitary gland lies just beneath the hypothalamus Governs the activity of other endocrine glands therefore called as Master Gland Anterior and Posterior Lobes of Pituitary gland releases the following hormones: Growth Hormone: Controls growth of glands, muscles and bones Over-secretion ---- Gigantism Under-secretion ---- Dwarfism Prolactin Hormone: Responsible for maternal behavior and secretion of milk in women Oxytocin Hormone: Responsible for initiation of Labour, Ejection of milk from breasts Anti-Diuretic Hormone: Water conservation in the body by increasing re-absorption of urine
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Thyroid Gland Located near the neck Controls over the body’s metabolism rate Secretes hormone Thyroxin, which affects the rate of use of oxygen and production of energy (metabolism) Over-secretion ---- Hyperthyroidism (lack of sleep, loss in weight, excess sweating) Under-secretion ----- Hypothyroidism ( Sluggishness, Tiredness, weight gain) Lack of Thyroxin deficiency leads to stunted growth in children
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Adrenal Gland Located above the kidneys Plays an important role in determining an individual’s mood, energy level and the ability to cope with stress Adrenal gland releases two hormones: Both the hormones play an important role in stressful situations Epinephrine/Adrenaline: Experience of fear and anxiety Norepinephrine/Noradrenaline: Regulation of blood pressure
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Gonads Gonads are sex glands and consists of ovaries in females and testes in males Testes produce male sex hormone (Testosterone) Ovaries produce female sex hormone (Estrogen and progesterone) Sex hormones are directly related to reproduction Sex hormones produce the secondary sex characteristics for the sexes, facial hairs in males and appearance of breasts in females