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HIV-AIDS Information PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : HIV/AIDS information and treatment

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Published on : Dec 10, 2022 | Views : 2320 | Downloads : 4

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HIV / AIDS
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HIV/AIDS HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that damages the cells in your immune system and weakens your ability to fight everyday infections and disease. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is the name used to describe a number of potentially life-threatening infections and illnesses that happen when your immune system has been severely damaged by the HIV virus.
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Objectives of the health promotion for HIV/AIDS and substance abuse To prevent HIV/AIDS transmission by ensuring the availability of safe blood nationwide. To promote the importance of safe sexual practices. To reduce new HIV infections. To develop knowledge and skills of reproductive age group people of correct use of condom. To reduce the transmission of HIV from parent to child through the provision of services for sexually transmitted infections. To improve access to and utilization of ARVs(Antiretroviral) To strengthen and expand HIV/AIDS programmes in the country. To promote equity in health. De-normalize substance use.
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HIV TRANSMISSION
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There are very specific ways that HIV can be transmitted through body fluids: During sexual contact: You can contract HIV through anal, oral, or vaginal sex. During sexual contact, you have contact with your partner's body fluids, which can deliver the virus into your bloodstream through microscopic breaks or rips in the linings of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or mouth. During pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding: Babies can contract HIV through the contact they have with their mother's body fluids—including amniotic fluids and blood—through pregnancy and childbirth. Infants can also get HIV from drinking infected breast milk. Injection/drug use: Needles or drugs that are contaminated with HIV-infected blood can deliver the virus directly into your body. Occupational exposure: Healthcare workers have the greatest risk for this type of HIV transmission because they may come in contact with infected blood or other fluids through needle sticks or cuts. Transfusion of infected blood or an organ transplant from an infected donor: Can happen due to bad screening system or database malfunction.
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Acute HIV Infection Acute HIV infection is the earliest stage of HIV infection, and it generally develops within 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV. During this time, some people have flu-like symptoms, such as fever, headache, and rash. In the acute stage of infection, HIV multiplies rapidly and spreads throughout the body. The virus attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells (CD4 T lymphocyte) of the immune system. During the acute HIV infection stage, the level of HIV in the blood is very high, which greatly increases the risk of HIV transmission. A person may experience significant health benefits if they start ART during this stage.
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Chronic HIV Infection The second stage of HIV infection is chronic HIV infection (also called asymptomatic HIV infection or clinical latency). During this stage, HIV continues to multiply in the body but at very low levels. People with chronic HIV infection may not have any HIV-related symptoms. Without ART, chronic HIV infection usually advances to AIDS in 10 years or longer, though in some people it may advance faster. People who are taking ART may be in this stage for several decades. While it is still possible to transmit HIV to others during this stage, people who take ART exactly as prescribed and maintain an undetectable viral load have effectively no risk of transmitting HIV to an HIV-negative partner through sex.
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AIDS AIDS is the final, most severe stage of HIV infection. Because HIV has severely damaged the immune system, the body cannot fight off opportunistic infections. (Opportunistic infections are infections and infection-related cancers that occur more frequently or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems than in people with healthy immune systems.) People with HIV are diagnosed with AIDS if they have a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm3 or if they have certain opportunistic infections. Once a person is diagnosed with AIDS, they can have a high viral load and are able to transmit HIV to others very easily. Without treatment, people with AIDS typically survive about 3 years.
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HIV TESTING
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WHAT IS HIV TESTING AND ITS IMPORTANCE? HIV testing, also called HIV screening, is the only way to know if you have the virus. If you have the virus, finding out quickly means you can start treatment right away so you can feel better and live a long, full life. You can also take steps so you don't pass HIV to other people. Pregnant women should get tested because early treatment means you probably won’t pass it to your baby
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Who Should Get an HIV Test? You should be tested more often -- at least once a year -- if you’re at higher risk of getting HIV if you: Have had several sexual partners Had unprotected sex with someone who is or could be HIV-positive, including someone whose sexual history you don't know Injected drugs with a needle, syringe, or other device that someone else used first Have had or are getting tested for tuberculosis, hepatitis, or any sexually transmitted disease, including syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, or herpes Have had sex for drugs or money Had sex with someone who has a history of any of these
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HIV Testing Types Antibody screening tests These tests check for protein that your body makes within 2 to 8 weeks of an HIV infection. They're also called immunoassay or ELISA tests. They're generally very accurate. Rapid versions of these blood and oral fluid tests can give results in 30 minutes or less, but they may give negative results even when you’re infected. This is called a false negative. Antibody/antigen combination tests These can detect HIV earlier than antibody screening tests. They check for HIV antigen, a protein called p24 that's part of the virus and shows up 2 to 4 weeks after infection. They also check for HIV antibodies.
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Nucleic acid test (NAT) This is also known as an RNA test. It looks for the virus itself and can diagnose HIV about 10 days after you've been exposed. It's expensive, so it's usually not the first choice. But if you're at high risk and you have flu-like symptoms, your doctor may want to use it. In-home test kits Kits that test your blood or oral fluids are available in the U.S. You can buy them at a local store or online. Pick one that’s FDA-approved. Home tests are slightly less sensitive than in-person lab tests.
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Negative test results If your HIV test result is negative, it doesn't necessarily mean you don't have HIV. That's because of the window period—the time between when a person gets HIV and when a test can accurately detect it. The window period varies from person to person and depends on the type of HIV test you take. Ask your health care provider or testing counselor about the window period for the type of HIV test you’re taking. If you’re using a self-test, you can find that information in the test package. Get tested again after the window period to be sure
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Positive test results If you test in a community program or take an HIV self-test and it’s positive, you should go to a health care provider for follow-up testing. If you test in a health care setting or a lab and it’s positive, the lab will conduct the follow-up testing, usually on the same blood sample as the first test. HIV treatment (antiretroviral therapy or ART) is recommended for all people with HIV, regardless of how long they’ve had the virus or how healthy they are. HIV treatment can make the amount of HIV in the blood (viral load) so low that a test can’t detect it (undetectable viral load). Getting and keeping an undetectable viral load is the best way to stay healthy and protect others.
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What is antiretroviral therapy (ART)? It is the treatment for HIV, which involves taking a combination of HIV medicines (called an HIV treatment regimen) every day. HIV medicines prevent HIV from multiplying, which reduces the amount of HIV in the body . Having less HIV in the body gives the immune system a chance to recover and produce more CD4 cells. By reducing the amount of HIV in the body, HIV medicines also reduce the risk of HIV transmission and reduces a person’s viral load to an undetectable level People with HIV who maintain an undetectable viral load have effectively no risk of transmitting HIV to their HIV-negative partners through sex.
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HIV Medicines Side Effects
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Short-Term Side Effects Fatigue Headache Insomnia Pain, tingling, or numbness in your feet or hands Dry Mouth Rashes Diarrhea Feeling queasy and throwing up Skin reactions to injections
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Long-Term Side Effects Fat redistribution(Lipodystrophy)- Your body may change the way it makes, uses, and stores. Lose fat in your face and legs while gaining it in your belly and the back of your neck. Higher cholesterol or triglyceride levels and High Blood Sugar. Liver damage (hepatotoxicity) Loss of bone density Mitochondria problems A buildup of a cellular waste product (lactic acidosis)
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PREVENTION MEASURES Get tested for HIV- Talk to your partner about HIV testing and get tested before you have sex. Choose less risky sexual behaviors- HIV is mainly spread by having anal or vaginal sex without a condom so, USE A CONDOM Limit your number of sexual partners- The more partners you have, the more likely you are to have a partner with poorly controlled HIV or to have a partner with a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Get tested and treated for STDs- Insist that your partners get tested and treated, too. Having an STD can increase your risk of getting HIV or spreading it to others. Talk to your health care provider about pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)-PrEP is an HIV prevention option for people who do not have HIV but who are at risk of getting HIV. Do not inject drugs- But if you do, use only sterile drug injection equipment and water, and never share your equipment with others
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Preconception Management and Counseling In couples, where one is HIV-positive and the other is HIV-negative, antiretroviral therapy is suggested to reduce the viral load in the positive partner so that they can have effective unprotected sex, without the risk of the transmission of HIV Another method is artificial insemination in which sperms are artificially introduced into the womb of a woman for fertilization. The process is applicable for a couple in which the woman is HIV positive and the man is HIV negative. In cases where it's vice-versa, a sperm donor or Vitro fertilization technique is suggested.
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Prevention of HIV during Labour and Delivery Pregnant women who are under antiretroviral therapy are suggested mainly for a caesarean section as it is effective in preventing the risk of transmission of HIV to the child If the C-section cannot be performed due to unavailability of the resources or other problems, necessary steps must be taken to balance the risk associated with premature rupture of membranes. Methods that involve penetrating into the vagina such as spiral scalp electrodes must be avoided to prevent the virus entry to the foetus. Also, routine episiotomy should be avoided to prevent transmission
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Use baby formula Prevention of HIV Transmission during Breast Feeding
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HIV STIGMA
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What is HIV Stigma and its causes? HIV stigma is negative attitudes and beliefs about people with HIV. It is the prejudice that comes with labeling an individual as part of a group that is believed to be socially unacceptable. HIV stigma is rooted in a fear of HIV. Misconceptions about how HIV is transmitted and what it means to live with HIV The lack of information and awareness combined with outdated beliefs lead people to fear getting HIV
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Effects of HIV Stigma HIV stigma affect the emotional well-being and mental health of people living with HIV. People living with HIV often internalize the stigma they experience and begin to develop a negative self-image. Fear of being discriminated against or judged negatively if their HIV status is revealed. Causes the people living with HIV to withdraw from society Create an "us and them" phenomenon
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RESEARCH AND NEW STUDIES
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First case of HIV cure in a woman after stem cell transplantation reported at CROI-2022 The International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trial Network (IMPAACT) P1107 reported the first case of HIV cure in a woman living with HIV submitted to a dual stem cell transplant (i.e., an umbilical cord blood transplant combined with a half-matched bone marrow transplant) for treatment of an acute myelogenous leukemia. The IMPAACT P1107 researchers presented the case details during the oral abstract session held at the 29th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI 2022). The study participant is a woman from New York (USA) who stopped antiretroviral therapy (ART) at 37 months post-transplant and has had no HIV detected for 14 months. The dual stem cell therapy also led to remission from leukemia that she developed in 2017. Source: https://www.who.int/news/item/24-03-2022-first-case-of-hiv-cure-in-a-woman-after-stem-cell-transplantation-reported-at-croi-2022