Download Free Medical Emergency in Urology PowerPoint Presentation

Emergency in Urology PowerPoint Presentation

DOWNLOAD MEDICAL POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

About This Presentation

Description : Check out this medical presentation on Urologic Surgery, which is titled "Emergency in Urology", to know about Urological Emergencies.

Tags : Urologic Surgery, Emergency, Urological Emergencies

Published on : Jul 20, 2021 | Views : 3724 | Downloads : 20

Shareable Url :

Embed Code :

Comment

Transcript

Slide 1-

Emergency in Urology Dr. Abdelmoniem E. Eltraifi Consultant Urologist College of Medicine & The Medical City King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Slide 2-

Compared to other surgical fields, there are relatively few Urological Emergencies.
Slide 3-

Why the patients come to emergency?
Slide 4-

Classification Non traumatic Haematuria Renal Colic Urinary Retention Acute Scrotum Priapism Traumatic Renal Trauma Ureteral Injury Bladder Trauma Urethral Injury External Genital Injury
Slide 5-

Non-Traumatic Urological Emergencies
Slide 6-

Haematuria
Slide 7-

HAEMATURIA Blood in the urine Types: Gross ( Macroscopic, Visible, Clinical): emergency or urgent 1 ml of blood in 1 liter of urine is visible for the patients Microscopic ( non visible, not clinical)= 3 or more RBCS/High power, in 2 out of 3 properly collected samples ( AUA).
Slide 8-

Haematuria… Causes: Varies according to: Patient Age Symptomatic or Asymptomatic The existence of risk factors for malignancy The type: Gross or Microscopic
Slide 9-

Haematuria Pre-renal Renal Post-renal
Slide 10-

Haematuria… Management: Gross Haematuria mandate full work up. Work Up: History P/E= usually no much signs Investigations. 3 ways urethral catheter and bladder wash out for heavy bleeding. Treat according to the cause.
Slide 11-

Age Residency. Duration. Occupation Painless or painful Timing of haematuria How dark colored is the urine? Clots and shape of clots Trauma Bleeding from other sites Associated Symptoms urinary and Systemic History of: bleeding disorders, SC, TB, Bilharzias & stone disease. Family History o:f Malignancy or hematological disorders. Drugs Colored food or drinks intake. Smoking History of Haematuria
Slide 12-

Renal Colic
Slide 13-

Renal Colic The commonest urologic emergency. One of the commonest causes of the “Acute Abdomen”.
Slide 14-

Renal Colic… Pain: Severe sudden onset colicky in nature Radiates May change in location, from the flank to the groin, (the location of the pain does not provide a good indication of the position of the stone) The patient cannot get comfortable, and may rolled around Associated with nausea / Vomiting
Slide 15-

Renal Colic… Differential diagnosis: Radiculitis ( pseudo-renal) Leaking abdominal aortic aneurysms Pneumonia Myocardial infarction Ovarian pathology (e.g., twisted ovarian cyst) Acute appendicitis Testicular torsion Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis) Diverticulitis Ectopic pregnancy Burst peptic ulcer Bowel obstruction
Slide 16-

Renal Colic… Work Up: History Examination: patient want to move around, in an attempt to find a comfortable position. +/- Fever Pregnancy test MSU U&E
Slide 17-

Radiological investigation :KUB RENAL COLIC (work-up)…
Slide 18-

RUS RENAL COLIC (work-up)…
Slide 19-

IVU RENAL COLIC (work-up)…
Slide 20-

RENAL COLIC (work-up)… Helical CTU Greater specificity (95%) and sensitivity (97%) Can identify other, non-stone causes of flank pain. No need for contrast administration. Faster, taking just a few minutes the cost of CTU is almost equivalent to that of IVU
Slide 21-

MRI Very accurate way of determining whether or not a stone is present in the ureters Time consuming Expensive Good for pregnant ladies RENAL COLIC (work-up)…
Slide 22-

Renal Colic (Management ) Pain relief NSAIDs Intramuscular or intravenous injection, by mouth, or per rectum +/- Opiate analgesics (pethidine or morphine). Hyper hydration ‘watchful waiting’ with analgesic supplements 95% of stones measuring 5mm or less pass spontaneously
Slide 23-

Renal Colic… Indications for Intervention To Relieve Obstruction and/or Remove the stone Pain that fails to respond to analgesics. Associated fever. Renal function is impaired because of the stone (solitary kidney obstructed by a stone, bilateral ureteric stones) Obstruction unrelieved ( not to exceed 4 weeks) Personal or occupational reasons
Slide 24-

Renal Colic… Surgical intervention: Temporary relief of the obstruction: Insertion of a JJ stent or percutaneous nephrostomy tube
Slide 25-

Definitive treatment: Extracorporeal Shockwaves Lithotripsy (ESWL). percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)
Slide 26-

Ureteroscopy (URS) Laparoscopic extraction
Slide 27-

Open Surgery: very limited
Slide 28-

Urinary Retention
Slide 29-

Urinary Retention Acute Urinary retention Chronic Urinary retention
Slide 30-

Acute Urinary retention Painful inability to void, with relief of pain following drainage of the bladder by catheterization.
Slide 31-

Acute Urinary retention… Causes: Men: Benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) due to BPH Carcinoma of the prostate Urethral stricture Prostatic abscess Stones Constipation Women Pelvic prolapse (cystocoele, rectocoele, uterine) Urethral stenosis Urethral diverticulum; Post surgery for ‘stress’ incontinence pelvic masses (e.g., ovarian masses)
Slide 32-

Acute Urinary retention… Initial Management Urethral catheterization Suprapubic catheter ( SPC)
Slide 33-

Late Management:Treating the underlying cause
Slide 34-

Chronic Urinary Retention Obstruction develops slowly, the bladder is distended (stretched) very gradually over weeks/months ( Pain not a feature) Usually associated with Reduced renal function. Upper tract dilatation
Slide 35-

Chronic urinary retention… Presentation: Urinary dribbling Overflow incontinence Palpable Bladder Symptoms of renal failure
Slide 36-

Chronic urinary retention… Management Treatment is directed to renal support. Bladder drainage Late treatment of cause.
Slide 37-

Acute Scrotum
Slide 38-

Acute Scrotum Emergency situation requiring prompt evaluation, differential diagnosis, and potentially immediate surgical exploration
Slide 39-

Acute Scrotum Differential Diagnosis: Torsion of the spermatic cord. Torsion of the appendix testis Torsion of the appendix epididymis Epididymitis Epididymo-orchitis Orchitis Hernia Trauma/ insect bite Dermatological lesion Inflammatory vascultits Neurological ( adductor tendonitis)
Slide 40-

Torsion of the Spermatic cord Most serious. Epididymitis. Most common
Slide 41-

Torsion of the Spermatic cord
Slide 42-

Torsion of the Spermatic cord Common among teenagers (12-18) years Possible in children and neonates Unlikely after the age of 25 years
Slide 43-

Torsion of the Spermatic Cord True surgical emergency of the highest order Irreversible ischemic injury to the testicular parenchyma may begin as soon as 4 hours Testicular salvage ↓ as duration of torsion ↑
Slide 44-

Torsion of the Spermatic Cord Anatomical variations
Slide 45-

Torsion of the Spermatic Cord… Presentation: Acute onset of scrotal pain. Majority with history of prior episodes of severe, self-limited scrotal pain and swelling Nausea/Vomiting Referred to the ipsilateral lower quadrant of the abdomen. Children might not complain of testicular pain Dysuria and other bladder symptoms are usually absent.
Slide 46-

Torsion of the Spermatic Cord… Physical examination: The affected testis is high riding transverse orientation Acute hydrocele or massive scrotal edema Cremasteric reflex is absent. Tender larger than other side Elevation of the scrotum causes more pain
Slide 47-

Torsion of the Spermatic Cord… Adjunctive tests: (If the diagnosis is clinically suspicious don’t delay the patient for any investigations). To aid in differential diagnosis of the acute scrotum. To confirm the absence of torsion of the cord. Doppler examination of the cord and testis High false-positive and false- negative
Slide 48-

Color Doppler ultrasound: Assessment of anatomy and determining the presence or absence of blood flow. Sensitivity: 88.9% specificity of 98.8% Operator dependent. Torsion of the Spermatic Cord…
Slide 49-

Radionuclide imaging : Assessment of testicular blood flow. A sensitivity of 90%, & specificity of 89%. False impression from hyperemia of scrotal wall. Not helpful in Hydrocele and Hematoma Torsion of the Spermatic Cord…
Slide 50-

Surgical exploration: A scrotal incision The affected side should be examined first The cord should be detorsed. Testes with marginal viability should be placed in warm and re-examined after several minutes. A necrotic testis should be removed If the testis is to be preserved, it should be fixed The contra-lateral testis must be fixed to prevent subsequent torsion Torsion of the Spermatic Cord…
Slide 51-

Epididymo-orchitis
Slide 52-

Epididymo-orchitis… Presentation: Indolent process. Scrotal swelling, erythema, and pain. Dysuria and fever is more common P/E : localized epididymal tenderness, a swollen and tender epididymis, or a massively swollen hemi-scrotum with absence of landmarks. Cremasteric reflex should be present Urine: pyuria, bacteriuria, or a positive urine culture
Slide 53-

Epid.Orchitis… Management: Bed rest for 1 to 3 days then relative restriction Scrotal elevation, the use of an athletic supporter parenteral antibiotic therapy should be instituted when UTI is documented or suspected. Urethral instrumentation should be avoided
Slide 54-

Priapism
Slide 55-

Priapism Persistent erection of the penis for more than4 hours that is not related or accompanied by sexual desire
Slide 56-

Priapism… 2 Types: Ischemic (veno-occlusive, low flow) (most common) Due to hematological disease, malignant infiltration of the corpora cavernosa with malignant disease, or drugs. Painful Non-ischemic (arterial, high flow). Due to perineal trauma, which creates an arterio-venous fistula. Painless
Slide 57-

Priapism… Causes: Primary (Idiopathic) : 30% - 50 % Secondary: Drugs Trauma Neurological Hematological disease Tumors
Slide 58-

Priapism… The diagnosis: Usually obvious from the history Duration of erection >4 hours? Is it painful or not?. Previous history and treatment of priapism ? Identify any predisposing factors and underlying cause
Slide 59-

Priapism… Examination Erect, tender penis (in low- flow) Characteristically the corpora cavernosa are rigid and the glans is flaccid. Abdomen for evidence of malignant disease DRE: to examine the prostate and check anal tone.
Slide 60-

Priapism… Investigations: CBC (white cell count and differential, reticulocyte count). Hemoglobin electrophoresis for sickle cell. Urinalysis including urine toxicology. Blood gases taken from either corpora; low-flow (dark blood; pH <7.25 (acidosis); pO2 <30mmHg (hypoxia); pCO2 >60mmHg (hypercapnia)) high-flow (bright red blood similar to arterial blood at room temperature; pH = 7.4; pO2 >90mmHg; pCO2 <40mmHg) Color flow duplex ultrasonography in cavernosal arteries; Ischemic (inflow low or nonexistent) Non-ischemic (inflow normal to high). Penile pudendal arteriography
Slide 61-

Priapism… Treatment: Depends on the type of priapism. Conservative treatment should first be tried Medical treatment Surgical treatment. Treatment of underlying cause
Slide 62-

Traumatic Urological Emergencies
Slide 63-

Traumatic Renal Trauma Ureteral Injury Bladder Trauma Urethral Injury External Genital Injury
Slide 64-

Renal Injuries
Slide 65-

Renal Injuries The kidneys relatively protected from traumatic injuries. Considerable degree of force is usually required to injure a kidney. Renal Injuries…
Slide 66-

Mechanisms and cause: Blunt direct blow or acceleration/ deceleration (road traffic accidents, falls from a height, fall onto flank) Penetrating knives, gunshots, iatrogenic, e.g., percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) Renal Injuries…
Slide 67-

Indications for renal imaging: Macroscopic haematuria Penetrating chest, flank, and abdominal wounds Microscopic [>5 red blood cells (RBCs) per high powered field] or dipstick Hypotensive patient (SBP <90mmHg ) A history of a rapid acceleration or deceleration Any child with microscopic or dipstick haematuria who has sustained trauma Renal Injuries…
Slide 68-

What Imaging Study? Renal Injuries…
Slide 69-

IVU:-Replaced by the contrast- enhanced CT-On-table IVU if patient is transferred immediately to the operating theatre without having had a CT scan and a retroperitoneal hematoma is found,
Slide 70-

Spiral non contrast CT: does not allow accurate staging
Slide 71-

Renal US: Advantages: can certainly establish the presence of two kidneys the presence of a retroperitoneal hematoma power Doppler can identify the presence of blood flow in the renal vessels Disadvantages: cannot accurately identify parenchymal tears, collecting system injuries, or extravasations of urine until a later stage when a urine collection has had time to accumulate. Renal Injuries…
Slide 72-

Contrast-enhanced CT:the imaging study of choice AccurateRapidImages other intra-abdominal structures
Slide 73-

Staging (Grading): Renal Injuries…
Slide 74-

ppt slide no 74 content not found
Slide 75-

ppt slide no 75 content not found
Slide 76-

ppt slide no 76 content not found
Slide 77-

ppt slide no 77 content not found
Slide 78-

Management: Conservative: Over 95% of blunt injuries 50% of renal stab injuries and 25% of renal gunshot wounds (specialized center). Include: Wide Bore IV line. IV antibiotics. Bed rest Vital signs monitoring. serial CBC (HCT) F/up US &/or CT. Renal Injuries…
Slide 79-

Surgical exploration: Persistent bleeding (persistent tachycardia and/or hypotension failing to respond to appropriate fluid and blood replacement Expanding peri-renal hematoma (again the patient will show signs of continued bleeding) Pulsatile peri-renal hematoma Renal Injuries…
Slide 80-

Ureteral Injuries
Slide 81-

Ureteral Injuries… The ureters are protected from external trauma by surrounding bony structures, muscles and other organs Causes and Mechanisms: External Trauma Internal Trauma
Slide 82-

Ureteral Injuries… External Trauma: Rare Severe force is required Blunt or penetrating. Blunt external trauma severe enough to injure the ureters will usually be associated with multiple other injuries Knife or bullet wound to the abdomen or chest may damage the ureter, as well as other organs.
Slide 83-

Ureteral Injuries… Internal Trauma Uncommon, but is more common than external trauma Surgery: Hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and sigmoidcolectomy Caesarean section Ureteroscopy Aortoiliac vascular graft replacement Laparoscopic Orthopedic operations
Slide 84-

Ureteral Injuries… Diagnosis: Requires a high index of suspicion Intra-operative: Late: 1. An ileus: the presence of urine within the peritoneal cavity 2. Prolonged postoperative fever or overt urinary sepsis 3. Persistent drainage of fluid from abdominal or pelvic drains, from the abdominal wound, or from the vagina. 4. Flank pain if the ureter has been ligated 5. An abdominal mass, representing a urinoma 6. Vague abdominal pain
Slide 85-

Ureteral Injuries… Treatment options: JJ stenting Primary closure of partial transaction of the ureter Direct ureter to ureter anastomosis Re-implantation of the ureter into the bladder using a psoas hitch or a Boari flap Trans uretero-ureterostomy Auto-transplantation of the kidney into the pelvis Replacement of the ureter with ileum Permanent cutaneous ureterostomy Nephrectomy
Slide 86-

Bladder Injuries
Slide 87-

Bladder Injuries… Causes: Iatrogenic injury Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) Cystoscopic bladder biopsy Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) Cystolitholapaxy Caesarean section, especially as an emergency Total hip replacement (very rare)
Slide 88-

Bladder Injuries… Penetrating trauma to the lower abdomen or back Blunt pelvic trauma—in association with pelvic fracture or ‘minor’ trauma in a drunkard patient Rapid deceleration injury seat belt injury with full bladder in the absence of a pelvic fracture Spontaneous rupture after bladder augmentation
Slide 89-

Bladder Injuries… Types of Perforation: A) intra-peritoneal perforation The peritoneum overlying the bladder, has been breached along with the wall the of the bladder, allowing urine to escape into the peritoneal cavity.
Slide 90-

B) extra-peritoneal perforation The peritoneum is intact and urine escapes into the space around the bladder, but not into the peritoneal cavity.
Slide 91-

Bladder Injuries… Presentation: Recognized intra-operatively The classic triad of symptoms and signs that are suggestive of a bladder rupture Suprapubic pain and tenderness Difficulty or inability in passing urine Haematuria
Slide 92-

Bladder Injuries… Management: Extra-peritoneal Bladder drainage +++++ Open repair + Intra peritoneal open repair…why? Unlikely to heal spontaneously. Usually large Leakage causes peritonitis Associated other organ injury.
Slide 93-

Urethral Injury
Slide 94-

Urethral Injuries Anterior urethral injuries Posterior urethral injuries
Slide 95-

Anterior urethral injuries: Rare Mechanism: The majority is a result of a straddle injury in boys or men. Direct injuries to the penis Penile fractures Inflating a catheter balloon in the anterior urethra Penetrating injuries by gunshot wounds.
Slide 96-

ppt slide no 96 content not found
Slide 97-

Anterior urethral injuries… Symptoms and signs: Meatal Bleeding Difficulty in passing urine Frank haematuria Hematoma may accumulate around the site of the rupture Penile swelling
Slide 98-

Anterior urethral injuries… Diagnosis: Retrograde urethrography ( Ascending urethrogram Contusion: no extravasation of contrast: Partial rupture : extravasation of contrast, with contrast also present in the bladder Complete disruption: no filling of the posterior urethra or bladder
Slide 99-

Anterior urethral injuries… Management: Contusion A small-gauge urethral catheter for one week Partial Rupture of Anterior Urethra No blind insertion of urethral catheterization ( may be by using cystoscopy and guide wire) Majority can be managed by suprapubic urinary diversion for one week Penetrating partial disruption (e.g., knife, gunshot wound), primary (immediate) repair.
Slide 100-

Anterior urethral injuries… Complete Rupture of Anterior Urethra patient is unstable a suprapubic catheter. patient is stable, the urethra may either be immediately repaired or a suprapubic catheter Penetrating Anterior Urethral Injuries generally managed by surgical debridement and repair
Slide 101-

Posterior urethral injuries Great majority of posterior urethral injuries occur in association with pelvic fractures 10% to 20% have an associated bladder rupture Signs: Blood at the meatus, gross hematuria, and perineal or scrotal bruising. High-riding prostate
Slide 102-

Posterior urethral injuries… Classification of posterior urethral injuries type I:(rare ) stretch injury with intact urethra type II : (25%) partial tear but some continuity remains) type III:(75%) complete tear with no evidence of continuity In women, partial rupture at the anterior position is the most common urethral injury associated with pelvic fracture.
Slide 103-

ppt slide no 103 content not found
Slide 104-

Posterior urethral injuries… Management: Stretch injury (type I) and incomplete urethral tears(type II) are best treated by stenting with a urethral catheter Type III Patient is at varying risk of urethral stricture, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction (ED) Initial management with suprapubic cystotomy and attempting primary repair at 7 to 10 days after injury.
Slide 105-

External Genital injuries
Slide 106-

External Genital injuries… Penile Fracture
Slide 107-

ppt slide no 107 content not found
Slide 108-

ppt slide no 108 content not found
Slide 109-

ppt slide no 109 content not found
Slide 110-

Glans Injury Penile amputation and injuries
Slide 111-

Scrotal Injuries
Slide 112-

Female External genitalia injuriesManaged by Gynecologists unless the urethra is involved
Slide 113-

ppt slide no 113 content not found
Slide 114-

ppt slide no 114 content not found
Slide 115-

ppt slide no 115 content not found