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Circulatory and Respiratory Systems PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

Tags : CIRCULATORY, RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS,RESPIRATORY

Published on : Jan 08, 2023 | Views : 993 | Downloads : 7

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CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS By: Foaad Ahmad B.Sc. Of Pharmacy
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BLOOD Blood is the liquid connective tissue that is the transport medium of the circulatory system. We have between 4-6 liters of blood. The two main functions of blood are Transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells. Carry CO2 and urea and other wastes away from the cells. Blood regulates body temperature, pH and electrolytes. Blood helps to protect us from infection and reduces fluid loss when we are injured. Blood is composed of 55% liquid plasma and 45% cells.
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BLOOD PLASMA Plasma is 90 % water and 10 % dissolved molecules (plasma proteins). Three types of plasma proteins Albumins: help to regulate osmotic pressure Immunoglobins (Antibodies): they form the immune system with the WBCs Fibrinogen: form a blood clot
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BLOOD CELLS Red blood cells RBCs (Erythrocytes) They are produced from stem cells in red bone marrow Full of hemoglobin that gives blood its red color Have no nucleus or mitochondria RBCs stay in circulation for about 120 days before they are destroyed in the liver and spleen. White blood cells WBCs They are produced from stem cells in the red bone marrow They also reproduce in the lymph nodes, thymus and spleen. They are larger than RBCs and do not contain hemoglobin instead they contain nucleus. They protect us against infection Lymphocytes produce antibodies (are proteins that help destroy substance) phagocytes can engulf (microorganisms)bacteria in a process called phagocytosis WBCs can live for years
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BLOOD CELLS Platelets Are not true cells , they are tiny fragments of other cells. They were formed in the bone marrow Their lifespan is 7-11 days. They play an important role in blood clotting Platelets adhere to the site of wound and release clotting factors Clotting factors are part of a cascade reactions which begins with chemical released by injured cells and ends with a sticky meshwork of fibrin stop bleeding by producing a clot.
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MECHANISM OF BLOOD CLOTTING Thromboplastin + Ca++
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BLOOD TYPES
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BLOOD TYPES Blood type is determined by the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cells. An Antigen is a protein or carbohydrate that acts as a signal, enabling the body to recognize foreign substances that enter the body. Antigens that are normally present in a person’s body provoke no response. However when foreign antigens enter the body, cells respond by producing antibodies. Antigen is abbreviated for ‘antibody-generating substance’ Blood from the human population is classified into 4 groups (A,B,AB and O).
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A-B-O SYSTEM The A-B-O system is a means of classifying blood by the antigens located on the surface of the red blood cells and the antibodies circulating in the plasma. An individual’s red blood cells may carry an A antigen, a B antigen, both A and B antigens, or no antigen at all. These antigen patterns are called blood types A,B,AB and O, respectively. An individual with type A blood also has anti-B antibodies against type B blood. If type B blood is given to a recipient with type A blood, the recipient’s anti-B antibodies will react with the B antigens on the donated red blood cells and the blood will agglutinate.
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AB is known as a universal recipient They can receive any type of blood O is the universal donor They can donate blood to anyone.
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RHESUS SYSTEM
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An antigen that is sometimes present on the surface of red blood cells is the Rh factor. Rh positive meaning that Rh is present. Rh negative meaning that Rh is absent. If a Rh negative person receives a transfusion of blood that has Rh positive , antibodies will react with the antigen and agglutination will occur.
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RHESUS FACTOR IN PREGNANCY
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Thank you