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Cell Proliferation: Cancer PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Cervical Cancer, which is titled "Cell Proliferation: Cancer", to know about the biology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of cancer. The presentation also provides cancer epidemiology.

Tags : Cervical Cancer, Cell Proliferation, Cancer, biology, clinical manifestations, treatment of cancer, cancer epidemiology

Published on : May 13, 2021 | Views : 2240 | Downloads : 3

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Slide 1-

Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer Chapter 9 Unit III: Cell Proliferation: Cancer Cancer Epidemiology Chapter 10
Slide 2-

Cancer Derived from Greek word for crab, karkinoma Malignant tumor Tumor Also referred to as a neoplasm— new growth
Slide 3-

Benign vs. Malignant Tumors Mitotic index = rate of growth
Slide 4-

Classification and Nomenclature Benign tumors Named according to the tissues from which they arise, and include the suffix “-oma” Lipoma Hemangioma Leiomyoma Chondroma
Slide 5-

Classification and Nomenclature Malignant tumors Named according to the tissues from which they arise Malignant epithelial tumors are referred to as carcinomas Adenocarcinoma (from glandular epithelium) Malignant CT tumors are referred to as sarcomas Rhabdomyosarcomas (from skeletal muscle)
Slide 6-

Classification and Nomenclature Cancers of lymphatic tissue are lymphomas Cancers of blood-forming cells are leukemias Carcinoma in situ (CIS) Epithelial malignant tumors that have not broken through BM or invaded the surrounding stroma
Slide 7-

Classification and Nomenclature
Slide 8-

Stages of Cancer Spread Stage 1: Confined to organ of origin Stage 2: Locally invasive Stage 3: Spread to lymph nodes Stage 4: Spread to distant sites CIS special case
Slide 9-

Tumor Staging by TNM System TUMOR NODES METASTASIS
Slide 10-

Tumor Markers Tumor cell markers (biologic markers) are substances produced by cancer cells or that are found on plasma cell membranes, in the blood, CSF, or urine Hormones (Epi – in blood, adrenal medullary tumor) Enzymes Genes Antigens (PSA – in blood, prostate cancer) Antibodies
Slide 11-

Hallmarks of Cancer
Slide 12-

Viruses and Cancer Implicated Hepatitis B and C viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) Human papillomavirus (HPV) Human T cell leukemia–lymphoma virus (HTLV)
Slide 13-

Bacterial Cause of Cancer Helicobacter pylori Chronic infections are associated with: Peptic ulcer disease Stomach carcinoma Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas
Slide 14-

Inflammation and Cancer Chronic inflammation is an important factor in development of cancer Cytokine release from inflammatory cells Free radicals Mutation promotion Decreased response to DNA damage
Slide 15-

Tumor Spread Direct invasion of contiguous organs Known as local spread Metastases to distant organs Lymphatics and blood Metastases by way of implantation
Slide 16-

Local Spread Invasion Cellular multiplication Mitotic rate vs. cellular death rate Mechanical pressure Release of lytic enzymes Decreased cell-to-cell adhesion Increased motility Intravasation Extravasation
Slide 17-

Three-Step Theory of Invasion Tumor cell attachment Fibronectin and laminin Degradation or dissolution of the matrix Enzymes Locomotion into the matrix Invadopodia (pseudopodia)
Slide 18-

HeLa cell a cell type in an immortal cell line used in research one of the oldest, most commonly used human cell lines derived from cervical cancer cells taken from Henrietta Lacks patient eventually died of her cancer on October 4, 1951 cell line was found to be remarkably durable cells propagated by George Otto Gey first human cell line to prove successful in vitro, which was a scientific achievement for the benefit of science neither Lacks nor her family gave Gey permission (at that time, permission was neither required nor sought) HeLa cells were used by Jonas Salk to test the first polio vaccine in the 1950’s
Slide 19-

Concept Check 1. Neoplasia a. abnormal proliferating cells w/ higher degree of autonomy 2. Anaplasia b. lack of differentiation, primitive cells 3. Autonomy c. cancer cells’ independence from normal cell controls 4. Tumor markers d. substances produced by cancer cells
Slide 20-

5. Which characterizes cancer cells? A. Poorly differentiated B. Metastasis C. Infiltrative growth D. Poor cell cohesiveness E. All of the above 6. Which is/are not malignant? A. Glioma B. Adenocarcinoma C. Rhabdomyoma D. Leukemia E. A and C
Slide 21-

7. Metastasis is: A. Alteration in normal cell growth B. Growth of benign or or malignant cells C. Mutational D. Ability to establish a secondary neoplasm at a new site 8. CIS is: A. Preinvasive B. Glandular or epithelial lesion C. Teratoma D. Carcinoma that has broken through BM E. Both a and b are correct
Slide 22-

Cancer Epidemiology Chapter 10
Slide 23-

Environmental Risk Factors Increased Decreased Tobacco * Exercise Radiation * Proper Diet Ionizing UV Alcohol Sexual Behavior Diet Obesity Occupational Hazards Electromagnetic Fields ?
Slide 24-

Environmental Risk Factors Tobacco Multipotent carcinogenic mixture Linked to cancers of the lung, lower urinary tract, aerodigestive tract, liver, kidney, pancreas, cervix Linked to myeloid leukemia
Slide 25-

Environmental Risk Factors Ionizing radiation Emission from x-rays, radioisotopes, and other radioactive sources Exposure causes cell death, gene mutations, and chromosome aberrations Bystander effects Poor gene repair Changes in gap junction intercellular communication
Slide 26-

Environmental Risk Factors Ultraviolet radiation Causes basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma Principal source is sunlight Ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) Promotes skin inflammation and release of free radicals
Slide 27-

Environmental Risk Factors Alcohol consumption Risk factor for oral cavity, pharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, esophagus, and liver cancers Cigarette/alcohol combination increases a person’s risk
Slide 28-

Environmental Risk Factors Sexual reproductive behavior Carcinogenic types of human papilloma virus High-risk HPV
Slide 29-

Environmental Risk Factors Physical activity Reduces cancer risk Decreases insulin and insulin-like growth factors Decreases obesity Decreases inflammatory mediators and free radicals Increased gut motility
Slide 30-

Environmental Risk Factors Occupational hazards Substantial number of occupational carcinogenic agents Asbestos Dyes, rubber, paint, explosives, rubber cement, heavy metals, air pollution, etc. Radon
Slide 31-

Environmental Risk Factors Electromagnetic fields Carcinogenic? Are they, or aren’t they?
Slide 32-

Environmental Risk Factors Diet Xenobiotics Toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals in food Activated by phase I activation enzymes Defense mechanisms Phase II detoxification enzymes Examples Compounds produced in the cooking of fat, meat, or proteins Alkaloids or mold by-products
Slide 33-

Environmental Risk Factors Obesity Correlates with the body mass index (BMI) Adipose tissue is active endocrine and metabolic tissue
Slide 34-

Environmental Risk Factors Obesity In response to endocrine and metabolic signaling, adipose tissue releases free fatty acids Increased free fatty acids gives rise to insulin resistance and causes chronic hyperinsulinemia Correlates with colon, breast, pancreatic, and endometrial cancers
Slide 35-

Clinical Manifestations of Cancer Pain Little or no pain is associated with early stages of malignancy Influenced by fear, anxiety, sleep loss, fatigue, and overall physical deterioration Mechanisms Pressure, obstruction, invasion of sensitive structures, stretching of visceral surfaces, tissue destruction, and inflammation
Slide 36-

Clinical Manifestations of Cancer Fatigue Subjective clinical manifestation Tiredness, weakness, lack of energy, exhaustion, lethargy, inability to concentrate, depression, sleepiness, boredom, and lack of motivation Suggested causes Sleep disturbance, biochemical changes (cytokines), secondary to disease and treatment, psychosocial factors, level of activity, nutritional status, and environmental factors
Slide 37-

Clinical Manifestations of Cancer Syndrome of cachexia (Gr. “bad condition”) Most severe form of malnutrition Present in 80% of cancer patients at death Includes: Anorexia, early satiety, weight loss, anemia, asthenia, taste alterations, and altered protein, lipid, and CHO metabolism
Slide 38-

Cachexia
Slide 39-

Clinical Manifestations of Cancer Anemia A decrease of hemoglobin in the blood Mechanisms Chronic bleeding resulting in iron deficiency, severe malnutrition, medical therapies, or malignancy in blood-forming organs
Slide 40-

Clinical Manifestations of Cancer Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia Direct tumor invasion to the bone marrow causes leukopenia and thrombocytopenia Chemotherapy drugs are toxic to the bone marrow Infection Risk increases when the absolute neutrophil and lymphocyte counts fall
Slide 41-

Cancer Treatment Chemotherapy Use of nonselective cytotoxic drugs that target vital cellular machinery or metabolic pathways critical to both malignant and normal cell growth and replication Goal Eliminate enough tumor cells so body’s defense can eradicate any remaining cells
Slide 42-

Cancer Treatment Chemotherapy Compartments 1: cells undergoing mitosis and cytokinesis 2: cells capable of entering the cell cycle in G1 phase 3: cells not dividing or have irreversibly left cell cycle Cells in compartment 3 will die a natural death
Slide 43-

Chemotherapy
Slide 44-

Cancer Treatment Ionizing radiation Eradicate cancer without excessive toxicity Avoid damage to normal structures Ionizing radiation damages the cancer cell’s DNA Surgery Biopsy and lymph node sampling Sentinel nodes Debulking surgery –remove most of tumor Palliative surgery – relief of symptoms Hormone therapy Receptor activation or blockage Interferes with cellular growth and signaling
Slide 45-

Cancer Treatment Immunotherapy Theoretically, antitumor responses can selectively eliminate cancer cells while sparing normal cells Immune memory is long lived Numerous immunologic mechanisms are capable of rejecting different types of cancer Biologic response modifiers (BRMs)
Slide 46-

Cancer Treatment Other forms of immunotherapy Interferon administration Antigens Effector cell lymphokines Monoclonal antibodies
Slide 47-

Side Effects of Cancer Treatment Gastrointestinal tract Bone marrow Hair and skin Reproductive tract
Slide 48-

Concept Check 1. Likely cause for fatigue in cancer patients: A. Biochemical changes due to treatment B. Muscle loss C. Pychologic factors D. All of the above 2. The pain experience with cancer: A. Affects the patient only in the early stages B. Occurs in bone metastasis C. Due to tissue necrosis D. Both b and c are correct