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Description : Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature

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Published on : Jan 08, 2024 | Views : 2972 | Downloads : 3

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Carbohydrates Dr. Fatima Akram 1
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Monosaccharides: Called simple sugars 4 Include glucose, fructose, & galactose Have the same chemical, but different structural formulas C6H12O6
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Isomers Glucose & fructose are isomers because they’re structures are different, but their chemical formulas are the same 6
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Rings In aqueous (watery) solutions, monosaccharides form ring structures 7
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Cellular Fuel Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work 8 ATP
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Stereoisomers Isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space. Epimer each of two isomers with different configurations of atoms about one of several asymmetric carbon atoms present. 9
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10 Epimers
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Enantiomers 11 Enantiomers are mirror images of one another. These are otherwise called D and L sugars. If the OH group to the carbon atom is on right hand side then it is D series and if OH group Lies on Left hand side then it is L series
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12 Enantiomers
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Disaccharides Common disaccharides include: Sucrose (Table sugar) Lactose (Milk Sugar) Maltose (Grain sugar) 13
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Disaccharides Sucrose is composed of glucose + fructose 14 Maltose is composed of 2 glucose molecules Lactose is made of galactose + glucose
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15 3 main disaccharides- Sucrose, maltose & lactose All are isomers with molecular formula C12H22O11. On hydrolysis they yield 2 monosaccharide. Soluble in water Formed by combination of 2 monosaccharaides. Bonds between 2 monosaccharide are known as Glycosidic bond. Disaccharides
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16 Consider a combination of a molecule of alpha –glucose and a molecule of beta glucose, the product is a beta maltose and water.
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Sucrose Is a sugar used at home Also known as the cane sugar When hydrolyzed, it forms a mixture of glucose and fructose. 17
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Polysaccharides Complex carbohydrates 20 Composed of many sugar monomers linked together Polymers of monosaccharide chains
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Examples of Polysaccharides 21 Starch Glycogen Cellulose Glucose Monomer
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Starch Starch is an example of a polysaccharide in plants to store starch for energy Starch contains two types of glucose polymer, amylose and amylopectin The amylose consists of long, unbranched chains of D-glucose residues while amylopectin is highly branched 22 Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet
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Food starches are commonly used as thickeners and stabilisers in foods like puddings, custards, soups, sauces, gravies, pie fillings, and salad dressings, as well as in the production of noodles and pasta. Starch is made up of long chains of sugar molecules that are connected together. Starch’s primary role is to help plants store energy. In an animal’s diet, starch is a source of sugar. Amylase, an enzyme contained in saliva and the pancreas that breaks down starch for energy, is used by animals to break down starch. 23
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Glycogen Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide in animals Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen It is similar in structure to starch because BOTH are made of glucose monomers It is more extensively branched (on average, every 8 to 12 residues) and more compact than starch. Glycogen is especially abundant in the liver and is also present in skeletal muscle. 24
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Glycogen is the stored form of glucose that’s made up of many connected glucose molecules. Glucose (sugar) is your body’s main source of energy. It comes from carbohydrates (a macronutrient) in certain foods and fluids you consume. When your body doesn’t immediately need glucose from the food you eat for energy, it stores glucose primarily in your muscles and liver as glycogen for later use. 25
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Cellulose Cellulose - form cell walls in plant cells Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth It is a fibrous, tough, water-insoluble substance, Found in the cell walls of plants, particularly in stalks, stems, trunks, and all the woody portions of the plant body. Cellulose constitutes much of the mass of wood, and cotton is almost pure cellulose. In cellulose the glucose residues have the configuration 26
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Cellulose, a complex carbohydrate, or polysaccharide, consisting of 3,000 or more glucose units. The basic structural component of plant cell walls, cellulose comprises about 33 percent of all vegetable matter (90 percent of cotton and 50 percent of wood are cellulose) and is the most abundant of all naturally occurring organic compounds. 27
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Dietary Cellulose Some animals cannot derive nutrition from fiber 28 Some animals have bacteria in their digestive tracts that can break down cellulose In the gut of termite Trichonympha is present which seceretes cellulases enzyme for cellulose digestion
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Sugars in Water Simple sugars and double sugars dissolve readily in water 29 They are hydrophilic, or “water-loving” WATER MOLECULE SUGAR MOLECULE -OH groups make them water soluble
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Proteoglycans Proteoglycans are usually structural components of the extracellular matrix; some have a lubricant role. Bind large amounts of water. Cell /cell signalling and adehsion roles. Heparin is normally intracellular and it inhibits blood clotting. 30
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Degradation of proteoglycans Some proteoglycans must be phagocytosized first. Degradation of the saccharide chains is achieved by hydrolytic enzymes present in lysosomes. Defects can lead to a number of diseases/disorders 31
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A diseases called mucopolysaccharidoses; characterized by mental retardation and/or structural defects. MPS Type I Hurler’s syndrome results from a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase. Heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate accumulate. There is growth and mental retardation with characteristic facial changes 32
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Mucopolysaccharidosis • Long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit. • Mucopolysaccharidosis are a Hereditary disorder. • This diseases caused by mutations of genes coding for lysosomal enzymes. • This is needed to degrade glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) (acid mucopolysaccharides). The major GAGs are: 1. Chondroitin -4- sulfate 2. Heparan sulfate 3. Dermatan sulfate 4. Keratan sulfate 5. Hyaluronan Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) Major constituents of the ground substance of connective tissue, as well as nuclear and cell membranes 33
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Molecular Basis Of Mpsi (Hurler) • Mucopolysaccharidosis typeI(MPSI) also called Hurler syndrome. • An inherited metabolic disorder cause by a enzyme alpha L iduronidase. • This enzyme main property in breakdown long chains of sugar molecules called Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs). • As a result ,these molecules accumulate in the body, causing numerous health Problems. • If untreated, children with mps1 usually die before the age of 10. 34
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Incidence Approximately 1 in 100,000 individuals are affected with MPS1 worldwide. The mother and father are both found to be MPS1 carriers. 35
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THANK YOU 36