Download Free Medical Anesthetics PowerPoint Presentation

Anesthetics PowerPoint Presentation

DOWNLOAD MEDICAL POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

About This Presentation

Description : Check out this medical presentation on Pharmacology, which is titled "Anesthetics", to know about anesthetics (the use of volatile liquids such as diethyl ether and chloroform).

Tags : Pharmacology, Anesthetics, anaesthetics, volatile liquids, diethyl ether, chloroform

Published on : Jul 18, 2021 | Views : 3785 | Downloads : 3

Shareable Url :

Embed Code :

Comment

Transcript

Slide 1-

An(a)esthetics Medical University of Sofia, Faculty of Medicine Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Assoc. Prof. Iv. Lambev
Slide 2-

General anesthetics (GAs) General anesthesia was introduced into clinical practice in the 19th century with the use of volatile liquids such as diethyl ether and chloroform. Cardiac and hepatic toxicity limited the usefulness of chloroform (out of date!). History
Slide 3-

William Morton (Boston, 1846) used ether successfully to extract a tooth.
Slide 4-

Pirogoff (Russia, 1847) used ether. Simpson (Glasgow, 1847) used chloroform in obstetrics. Queen Victoria gave birth to her children under chloroform anesthesia.
Slide 5-

ppt slide no 5 content not found
Slide 6-

The onset
Slide 7-

The onset
Slide 8-

General anesthesia causes: loss of consciousness analgesia amnesia muscle relaxation (expressed in different extent) loss of homeostatic control of respiration and cardiovascular function
Slide 9-

Goals of surgical anesthesia Lüllmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology – 2nd Ed. (2000)
Slide 10-

Now
Slide 11-

ppt slide no 11 content not found
Slide 12-

Now
Slide 13-

13 The mode of action of GAs is still debated. All GAs act on the mid-brain reticular activating system and cerebral cortex to produce complete but reversible loss of consciousness. The principle site of their action is probably the neuronal lipid membrane or hydrophobic domains of membrane proteins.
Slide 14-

According to the new polysynaptolytic theory general anesthetics inhibit reversible neurotransmission in many synapses of CNS.
Slide 15-

15 GAs depress the CNS in the following order: 1st – cerebral cortex 2nd – subcortex 3rd – spinal cord 4th – medulla oblongata 1 2 3 4
Slide 16-

16 Principles of Medical Pharmacology – 6th Ed (1998)
Slide 17-

17 Traditional monoanesthesia vs. modern balanced anesthesia Lüllmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology – 2nd Ed. (2000)
Slide 18-

Inhalation anesthetics are not particularly effective analgesics and vary in their ability to produce muscle relaxation; hence if they are used alone to produce general anesthesia, high concentrations are necessary. If inhalation anesthetics are used in combination with speciﬁc analgesic or muscle-relaxant drugs the inspired concentration of inhalation agent can be reduced, with an associated decrease in adverse effects. The use of such drug combinations has been termed balanced anesthesia.
Slide 19-

19 Regimen for balanced anesthesia Lüllmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology – 2nd Ed. (2000)
Slide 20-

Desflurane Isoflurane Enflurane Halothane Methoxyflurane Sevoflurane halogenated anesthetics 1. Inhalational GAs Volatile liquids Diethyl ether (out of date) Gases Nitrous oxide
Slide 21-

Chemical structure of the volatile halogenated anesthetics
Slide 22-

General pharmacokinetics The vapor pressure gives an indication of the ease with which a volatile anesthetic evaporates. The higher the vapor pressure, the more volatile the anesthetic. The saturated vapor pressure also dictates the maximum concentration of vapor that can exist at a given temperature. The higher the saturated vapor pressure, the greater the concentration of volatile agent that can be delivered to the patient. To determine the maximum concentration, vapor pressure is expressed as a percentage of barometric pressure at sea level, i.e. 760 mmHg. For example, halothane has a saturated vapor pressure of 244 mmHg at 20°C; therefore the maximum concentration of halothane that can be delivered at this temperature is 32% (244/760 × 100 = 32%).
Slide 23-

The aim in using inhalation anesthetics is to achieve a partial pressure of anesthetic in the brain sufﬁcient to depress CNS function and induce general anesthesia. Thus, anesthetic depth is determined by the partial pressure of anesthetic in the brain. To reach the brain, molecules of anesthetic gas or vapor must diffuse down a series of partial pressure gradients, from inspired air to alveolar air, from alveolar air to blood and from blood to brain: Inspired air → Alveolar air → Blood → Brain
Slide 24-

The rate of change of anesthetic depth Factors that produce a rapid change in alveolar partial pressure of anesthetic will produce a rapid change in anesthetic depth, appreciated clinically as a rapid induction and recovery. The most important factors are listed below and can be broadly divided into those that affect delivery of anesthetic to the alveoli and those that affect removal of anesthetic from the alveoli: ● inspired concentration; ● alveolar ventilation; ● solubility of anesthetic in blood; ● solubility of anesthetic in tissues; ● cardiac output.
Slide 25-

Metabolism and elimination Inhalation anesthetics are eliminated primarily through the lungs, i.e. they are exhaled. Nonetheless, these agents are not totally inert and undergo biotransformation, primarily in the liver, to a variable degree. Metabolism might be expected to promote recovery from anesthesia. However, for the newer inhalation agents any contribution to recovery is slight. Of more direct importance is the potential production of toxic metabolites.
Slide 26-

Anesthetic potency: minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) The potency of a drug is a measure of the quantity of that drug that must be administered to achieve a given effect. In the case of inhalation anesthetics potency is described by the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). The MAC value is the minimum alveolar concentration of anesthetic that produces immobility in 50% of patients exposed to a standard noxious stimulus.
Slide 27-

ppt slide no 27 content not found
Slide 28-

For practical purposes GAs can be regarded physicochemicaly as ideal gases: their solubility in different media can be expressed as partition coefficients (PC), defined as the ratio of the concentration of the agent in two phases at equilibrium.
Slide 29-

Drug Blood/gas Oil/gas Induction PC PC time (min) N2O 0.5 1.4 2–3 Isoflurane 1.4 91 – Enflurane 1.9 96 – Halothane 2.3 224 4–5 Ether 12.1 65 10–20
Slide 30-

30 Drug MAC Metabo- Flame- (%) lism (%) аbility N2O >100 0 – Isoflurane 1.2 0.2 – Enflurane 1.7 2–10 – Halothane 0.8 – Ether 2 5–10 ++ 15
Slide 31-

31 Elimination routes of different volatile anesthetics Lüllmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology – 2nd Ed. (2000)
Slide 32-

Isoflurane is a less soluble isomer of enflurane, and is widely use. It potentiates the action of neuromuscular blockers. It produces dose-dependent peripheral vasodilatation and hypoten- sion but with less myocardial depres- sion than enflurane and halothane.
Slide 33-

33 Cerebral blood flow is little affected by isoflurane which makes it an agent of choice during neurosurgery. Uterine tone is well maintained as compared with halothane or enflurane, and thereby isoflurane reduces postpartum hemorrhage.
Slide 34-

Particular aspects of the use of Halothane relate to the following: Moderate muscular relaxation is produced, but is rarely sufficient for major abdominal surgery. It poten- tiates the action of neuromuscular blockers. Heat loss is accelerated. It is useful in bronchitic and asthmatic patients.
Slide 35-

35 Adverse effects of halothane Increased myocardial excitability (ventricular exstrasystoles, tachycardia, and fibrillation). Extrasystoles can be controlled by beta-blockers. Blood pressure usually falls, due to central vasomotor depression and myocardial depression. Cerebral blood flow is increased which is an contraindication for use in head injury and intracranial tumors.
Slide 36-

36 Halothane is not good analgesic and also may lead to convulsions. It can produce massive hepatic necrosis or subclinical hepatitis following anesthesia. The liver damage appears to be a hypersensitivity type of hepatitis which is independent of dose. Halothane can cause malignant hyperthermia (which needs treatment with Dantrolene i.v.), uterine atony and postpartum hemorrhage. It has a teratogenic activity.
Slide 37-

N2O uses to reduce pain during childbirth. Concomitant administration of N2O with one of the volatile GAs reduces the MAC value of the volatile drug by up to 75%. Risk of bone marrow depression occurs with prolonged administ- ration of N2O.
Slide 38-

2. Injcectable GAs Barbiturates and thiobarbiturates Methohexital i.v. Thiopental (Pentothal, Thiopenthone) i.v. Other preparations Ketamine i.v./i.m. Propofol i.v. Etomidate i.v. Brbiturates (Midazolam, Triazolam)
Slide 39-

Studies have demonstrated that most injectable anesthetic agents produce anesthesia by enhancing GABA-mediated neuronal transmission, primarily at GABAA receptors. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter found throughout the CNS.
Slide 40-

ppt slide no 40 content not found
Slide 41-

Thiopental (thiopentone) redistri- bution in muscle and fat (long post- narcotic sleep) Principles of Medical Pharmacology (1994)
Slide 42-

Thiopental use i.v. for induction of anaesthesia, which is maintained with an inhalation agents. Propofol. The onset of its action begins after 30 s. After a single dose patient recovers after 5 min with a clear head and no hangover.
Slide 43-

Propofol is a donor of NO with amnesic and antiemetic action. Indications: i.v. induction (2–2.5 mg/kg) maintenance of anaesthesia in doses of 6–12 mg/kg sedation (2–3 mg/kg) in intensive care or during intensive procedures.
Slide 44-

44 Ketamine is an antagonist of NMDA-receptor. It produces dissociative anaesthesia (sedation, amnesia, dissociation, analgesia). Ketamine can cause hallucinations and unpleasant, brightly coloured dreams in 15% of patients during recovery, which are very often accompanied by delirium. Its use is widespread in countries where there are few skilled specialists. Usually it is applied mainly for minor procedures in children (10 mg/kg i.m.).
Slide 45-

45 Local anesthetics (LAs) LAs are drugs which reversibly pre- vent the transmission of pain stimuli locally at their site of administration. The clinical uses and responses of LAs depend both on the drug selected and the site of administration.
Slide 46-

46 LAs are weak bases (pKb 7–8). They exist as an equilibrium between io- nized (LAH+) and unionized (LA) forms. The unionized forms are lipid soluble and cross the axonal membranes. After that the part of the unionized forms protonates intracellulary into the ionized forms. The ionized forms bind to the intracellular receptors, obstruct, and block Na+ channel (see figure).
Slide 47-

Ex In LAH+ (local anaes- thetics) block Na+ channels. Principles of Medical Pharmacology (1994)
Slide 48-

ppt slide no 48 content not found
Slide 49-

Anaesthetic potency Lidocaine Bupivacaine Procaine Articaine 4 16 1 4
Slide 50-

50 LAs from the group of ester (procaine, tetracaine, benzocaine) in plasma and liver hydrolyze to the para-amino- benzoic acid, which is a competitive antagonist of the sulfonamides. Thus, the co-administration of esters and sulfonamides is not rational.
Slide 51-

51 Unwanted effects Local effects at the site of administra- tion: irritation and inflammation; local hypoxia (if co-administered with vasoconstrictor); tissue damage (some- times necrosis) following inappropri- ate administration (e.g. accidental intra-arterial administration or spinal administration of an epidural dose).
Slide 52-

52 Systemic effects. High systemic doses may affect other excitable membranes such as the heart (e.g. lidocaine can cause AV block and cardiovascular collapse; bupivacaine can cause serious arrhythmias) or the CNS (tetracaine can cause convulsions and eye disturbances; cocaine – euphoria, hallucinations, and drug abuse).
Slide 53-

53 Procaine sometimes causes urticaria. Some systemic unwanted effects due to the vasoconstrictors - NA or adrenaline. They include hypertension and tachycardia.
Slide 54-

54 Clinical uses The extent of local anesthesia depends largely on the technique of administrations: Surface administration (anesthesia) - high concentrations (2–5%) of the LAs can slowly penetrate the skin and mucous membranes to give a small localized anesthesia.
Slide 55-

55 Benzocaine and tetracaine are sui- table for these purposes. They produce useful anesthesia of the mucous membranes of the throat. Cocaine and tetracaine are used befo- re painful ophthalmological procedures. Propipocaine widely used in dentistry, dermatology, and obstetrics to produce surface anesthesia.
Slide 56-

56 Infiltration anesthesia can produce with 0.25–0.5% aqueous solution of lidocaine or procaine (usually with co-administration of adrenaline).
Slide 57-

57 The other main types of local anesthesia are: nerve trunk block anesthesia; epidural anesthesia (injection of the LAs to the spinal column but outside the dura mater), used in obstetrics; spinal anesthesia (injection of the LAs into the lumbar subarachnoid space, usually between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae).
Slide 58-

58 1. Esters 1.1. Esters of benzoic acid Cocaine (out of date) 1.2. Ester of para-aminobenzoic acid Benzocaine (in Almagel A®) Chloroprocaine, Procaine Oxybuprocaine Proxymetacaine Tetracine (Dicain®) Erythroxylum coca Lam.
Slide 59-

2. Amides Lidocaine (PRC: B) Bupivacaine Cinchocaine Mepivacaine Prilocaine Articaine & Epinephrine - Ubistesine® - Ultracaine® Emla (lidocaine + prilocaine) crėme 5% 5 g
Slide 60-

ppt slide no 60 content not found
Slide 61-

Different syringes (CITOJECT and others) in dental medicine for local anaesthesia
Slide 62-

ppt slide no 62 content not found
Slide 63-

63 Lidocaine (Lignocaine) has also antiarrhythmic action. It is an antidysrhythmic agent from class IB, used for the treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmia from myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.
Slide 64-

64 ADRs: Bradycardia, AV block, (-) inotropic effect, disturbances of GIT, rashes Class IB: Decreases the duration of AP
Slide 65-

65 Ventricular fibrillation, characterized by irregular undulations without clear ventricular complexes Ventricular flutter Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary (2003/2004)