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Description : Update on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

Tags : Urology, Werner Forssmann, Charles B. Huggins, Epidemiology, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Histologic BPH, Acute Urinary Retention, cancer, urinary tract dysfunction

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Slide 1-

Update on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia William I. Jaffe, MD Assistant Professor of Urology in Surgery Penn Presbyterian Medical Center University of Pennsylvania Health System
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Nobel Prize Winners in Urology Werner Forssmann- 1956 Charles B. Huggins- 1966
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Introduction Epidemiology Changes in Terminology Evaluation Medical Therapy Surgical Therapy BPH and Sex!
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A Modern View of BPH Clinical, Anatomic, and Pathophysiologic Changes BPH = Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Histologic: stromoglandular hyperplasia1 May be associated with Clinical: presence of bothersome LUTS2 Anatomic: enlargement of the gland (BPE = Benign Prostatic Enlargement)2 Pathophysiologic: compression of urethra and compromise of urinary flow (BOO = Bladder Outlet Obstruction)2 1. American Urological Association Research and Education Inc. BPH Guidelines 2003. 2. Nordling J et al. In: Chatelain C et al, eds. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Plymouth, UK: Health Publication Ltd; 2001:107166.
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Berry SJ, et al. J Urol. 1984;132:474-479. CDC. 2003 National Diabetes Fact Sheet. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/estimates.htm. Accessed May 16, 2003. CDC. 1998 Forecasted State-Specific Estimates of Self-Reported Asthma Prevalence. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00055803.htm. Accessed January 8, 2003. BPH (Men Ages 61 to 72) Diabetes (Adults Over 65) Asthma (Entire Population) 0 25 50 75 Prevalence of BPH Versus Other Common Conditions
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 80–89 Prevalence (%) Pradhan 1975 Swyer 1944 Franks 1954 Moore 1943 Harbitz 1972 Holund 1980 Baron 1941 Fang-Liu 1991 Karube 1961 Prevalence of Histologic BPH Age
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Rhodes T et al. J Urol. 1999;161:1174–1179. Collins GN et al. Br J Urol. 1993;71:445–450. Jacobsen SJ et al. Urology. 2001;58(Suppl 6A):5–16. Natural History of BPH: Prostate Volume Increases 631 white men ages 40 to 79 from Olmsted County, Minnesota Prostate volume measured up to 4 times by transrectal ultrasound during a 7-year follow-up period Estimated prostate growth rates increased by 1.6% per year across all ages Higher baseline prostate volume associated with higher rates of prostate growth
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Prevalence of Symptomatic BPH 0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 1990 2000 2010 2020 Male Medicare patients (>65 y) with LUTS/BPH Weiner DM et al. Urology. 1997;49:335-342. 1.7
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Roberts RO et al. J Urol. 2000;163:107–113. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65–69 70–74 75+ Age Groups (y) Qmax (mL/sec) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Volume (mL) Qmax Volume Natural History of BPH: Qmax and Voided Volume
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2.6 3 9.3 34.7 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 40 to 49 years 70 to 79 years Incidence of Acute Urinary Retention (per 1000 person years) Mild to Moderate Symptoms Moderate to Severe Symptoms Jacobsen SJ et al. J Urol. 1997;158:481–487. Natural History of BPH: Risk of Acute Urinary Retention Increases 2115 white men ages 40 to 79 from Olmsted County, Minnesota Symptoms measured via questionnaire Incidence of acute urinary retention over 4 years ascertained via review of medical records 8344 person-years of data obtained
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2 2 9 13 3 7 16 34 0 10 20 30 40 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 Age (y) Without prostatic enlargement and obstructive symptoms With prostatic enlargement and obstructive symptoms Arrighi HM et al. Urology. 1991;38(suppl):4–8. 10-Year Probability of Surgery (% of Patients) Natural History of BPH: Risk of Surgery Increases
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PSA… It’s not just for cancer Serine protease produced by epithelial cells Dissolves semen coagulum Most bound to antiproteases ACT Increased with- Malignancy Hyperplasia Infection/Inflammation
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Serum PSA and Prostate Volume Increases Correlate with Age Roehrborn CG et al. J Urol. 2000;163:13-20.
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Roehrborn CG et al. J Urol. 2000;163:13-20. PSA as a Predictor of Future Prostate Growth % Change in PV at 48 Months Prostate Volume Annualized Growth Rates Low PSA tertile: 0.7 mL/year Middle PSA tertile: 2.1 mL/year High PSA tertile: 3.3 mL/year
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Incidence of AUR and/or Surgery Over 4 Years by PSA Tertiles Roehrborn CG et al. Urology. 1999;53:473-480. Left untreated 1 in 6 patients with a PSA of >1.4 ng/mL will experience AUR or BPH-related surgery over a 4-year time period % Patients Surgery/AUR Baseline PSA tertiles (ng/mL)
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What is “BPH”? “Prostatism” and “BPH” Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is a histological diagnosis New Urological Lexicon
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Terminology BPH Histologic diagnosis BPE Enlargement due to benign growth (can be without obstruction) BPO Urodynamically proven BOO (static/dynamic components) BPH = benign prostatic hyperplasia; BPE = benign prostatic enlargement; BPO = benign prostatic obstruction; BOO = bladder outlet obstruction 1.2
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LUTS Symptoms attributable to lower urinary tract dysfunction storage (irritative) symptoms emptying (obstructive) symptoms may be associated with BPH, BPE, and BPO, but not exclusive to these Nordling J et al. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. 5th International Consultation on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Paris, France. June 25-28, 2000:107-166. 1.4
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OAB: US Prevalence by Age 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+ Age (years) Prevalence (%) Women Men OAB=overactive bladder. Stewart W, et al. World J Urol. 2003;20:327-336.
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Differential Diagnosis Urethral stricture Bladder neck contracture Bladder stones Urinary tract infection Interstitial cystitis Neurogenic bladder Inflammatory prostatitis Medications Carcinoma of the prostate Carcinoma in situ of the bladder 1.8
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Old Paradigm Small prostate, thin bladder wall Enlarged prostate, thick bladder wall 2.2
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Subsequent Paradigm Normal prostate Enlarged prostate Small prostate with -receptors 2.3
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Current Paradigm Normal Enlarged -receptors Brain/ Spinal column/ Prostate 2.4
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BPH/LUTS Pathophysiology
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Initial Evaluation Detailed medical history Physical exam including DRE and neurologic exam Urinalysis Serum creatinine no longer mandatory PSA* Symptom assessment (AUA-SS) PSA = prostate-specific antigen *Per physician’s clinical judgment AUA BPH Guidelines 2003 4.4
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Evaluation (Part 1) Initial evaluation History DRE & focused exam Urinalysis PSA1 Objective Symptom Assessment Moderate to severe IPSS³8 Offer treatment alternatives Minimally invasive therapies Surgery Medical therapy Watchful waiting Cystoscopy, if important in planning operative approach Mild IPSS£7 1Optional in AHCPR Guidelines; Recommended by International Consensus Committee Clinical Practice Guideline, Number 8. AHCPR Publication No. 94-0582. 4.2
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Evaluation (Part 2) Moderate to severe IPSS³8 Additional diagnostic tests Flow rate test1 Residual urine1 Pressure-flow2 Compatible with obstruction Not compatible with obstruction Non-BPH problems identified and treated Presence of: Refractory retention Any of the following clearly 2° BPH: Recurrent or persistent gross hematuria Bladder stones Renal insufficiency 1Optional in AHCPR Guidelines; Recommended by International Consensus Committee 2Optional in both AHCPR and International Consensus recommendations Surgery Initial evaluation History DRE & focused exam Urinalysis PSA1 Objective Symptom Assessment 4.3
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Goals of Therapy for BPH BPH Treatment Success measured by: ↓ symptoms (IPSS/AUA) ↓ bother (bother score) and ↑ QOL ↓ prostate size or arrest further growth ↑Increase in peak flow rate / Relieve obstruction Prevention of long-term outcomes/complications Acceptable adverse events profile US Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. AHCPR publication 94-0582; O’Leary MP. Urology. 2000;56(suppl 5A):7-11.
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Medical Treatments for BPH, LUTS, BOO -adrenergic blockers Dynamic component 5 -reductase inhibitors Anatomic component Anticholinergic Therapy Storage Sx’s
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Role of a1-Adrenoreceptors a1-ARs and Human LUTS Smooth muscle contraction a1A Lumbosacral a1D Instability Irritative symptoms a1D>a1A Resistance vessels a1A Aging effects a1B>a1A Spinal cord Prostate Detrusor Vessels Schwinn DA. BJU Int. 2000;86:11-22. Jardin A et al. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. 5th International Consultation on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Paris, France. June 25-28, 2000:459-477. Rudner XL et al. Circ. 1999;100:2336-2343. 2.8
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Comparison of -Adrenergic Blockers 1. HytrinR (terazosin hydrochloride) Prescribing information, Abbott Laboratories. 2. CarduraR (doxazosin mesylate tablets) Prescribing Information, Pfizer Inc. 3. FlomaxR (tamsulosin hydrochloride) Prescribing Information, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. 4. UroxatralR (alfuzosin HCl extended release tablets) Prescribing Information, Sanofi-Synthelabo Inc.
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Tamsulosin: Clinical Efficacy N=1,486 Mean Change in Qmax (mL/s) Mean Change in Symptom Score 1.78 * 1.79 * 0.52 0.93 1 2 Study 1 (13 wk; 0.8 mg, 0.4 mg) Study 2 (13 wk; 0.8 mg, 0.4 mg) Tamsulosin Placebo * -5.8 -5.5 -3.60 * -9.6 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 Study 1 (13 wk; 0.8 mg, 0.4 mg) Study 2 (13 wk; 0.8 mg, 0.4 mg) *P0.05 statistically significant difference from placebo. Tamsulosin Prescribing Information. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2003. 1.75 * 1.52 0 * -5.1 * -8.3
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Krieg M. Prog Cancer Res Ther. 1984;31:425–440. Kyprianou N et al. Prostate. 1986;8:363–380. Grino PB et al. Endocrinology. 1990;126:1165–1172. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) Action Testosterone is converted to DHT by two 5-reductase isoenzymes The target for DHT is the androgen receptor DHT has approximately 5 times greater affinity for the androgen receptor than testosterone The greater affinity makes DHT a more potent androgenic steroid at physiologic concentrations The DHT/androgen receptor complex alters gene expression
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Clinical Efficacy of 5-ARIs *Not from a comparative trial. 1. McConnell JD et al. NEJM. 1998;338:557-563. 2. Roehrborn C et al. Urology. 2002;60:434-441.
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Adverse Events *Not from a comparative trial. 1. McConnell JD et al. NEJM. 1998;338:557-563. 2. Roehrborn C et al. Urology. 2002;60:434-441. 3. American Urological Association Research and Education Inc. BPH Guidelines April 2003: page 33 The new 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor Dutasteride has been shown to be of similar efficacy as Finasteride in terms of symptom score and flow-rate improvement, as well as in the prevention of disease progression, while having a comparable safety profile.3
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Rationale for Combination Therapy
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MTOPS (Medical Treatment of Prostatic Symptoms) & Combination Therapy
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MTOPS Doxazosin/Finasteride/Combination MTOPS = Medical Therapy Of Prostatic Symptoms. McConnell JD et al. NEJM, 2003. Double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study 3047 men aged 50 years with BPH Average follow-up: 4.5 years Primary outcome: time to clinical progression AUR Renal insufficiency due to BPH Recurrent UTI or urosepsis Incontinence 4-point rise in baseline AUA symptom score confirmed within 2-4 weeks Secondary outcomes Changes in symptom and flow rate over time Rate of invasive therapies for LUTS/BPH
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Cumulative Incidence of BPH Progression
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Cumulative Incidence of AUR Event (%) Years From Randomization P<.0034; df=3 Combination: Risk Reduction = 79% Finasteride: Risk Reduction = 67% Placebo Doxazosin: Risk Reduction McConnell JD et al. NEJM, 2003.
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Cumulative Incidence of BPH-Related Surgery Event (%) Years From Randomization P<.0001; df=3 Placebo Finasteride: Risk Reduction = 64% Doxazosin: Risk Reduction = 0% Combination: Risk Reduction = 67% McConnell JD et al. NEJM, 2003.
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MTOPS Conclusions In selected patients, combination therapy is most effective in Reducing risk of clinical progression Improving AUA symptom score Improving maximum urinary flow rate Monotherapy significantly reduces risk of clinical progression of BPH Finasteride (5ARI) and combination therapy significantly reduce the risk of AUR and invasive therapy Doxazosin (-adrenergic blocker) prolongs time to progression of AUR and invasive therapy, but does not reduce overall risk Both long-term monotherapy and combination therapy are safe and effective McConnell J et al. Program Abstracts of the American Urological Association 2002 Annual Meeting (Abstract 1042, updated).
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Combination Treatment with An -Blocker Plus An Anticholinergic for Bladder Outlet Obstruction: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study Athanasopoulos A, Gyftopoulos K, Giannitsas K, Fisfis J, Perimenis P, Barbalias G. J Urol. 2003;169:2253-2256
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Detrol® and Tamsulosin Combination Therapy in Men With BOO and OAB Randomized, controlled trial (independent research) 50 men 52 to 80 years of age (average, 69 years) Mild/moderate BOO on PFS Concomitant IDO Study design Complete QoL 9 UROLIFE questionnaire prior to study onset 1-week tamsulosin 0.4 mg qd, then randomized to receive concomitant Detrol® 2 mg bid or continue tamsulosin monotherapy Repeat QoL 9 and PFS at 12 weeks IDO=idiopathic detrusor overactivity; PFS=pressure flow studies. Athanasopoulos A, et al. J Urol. 2003;169:2253-2256.
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Detrol® and Tamsulosin Combination Therapy in Men with BOO and OAB: Effects on Urodynamic Parameters Athanasopoulos A et al. J Urol. 2003;169:2253-6.
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Detrol® and Tamsulosin Therapy in Men With BOO and OAB: Effects on QoL Baseline 12 Weeks 542.2 525 548.2 628.4 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 Tamsulosin (n=25) Tamsulosin + Detrol® (n=25) Mean score (QoL 9 UROLIFE) P=NS P=0.0003 Improved QoL Athanasopoulos A, et al. J Urol. 2003;169:2253-2256.
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Detrol® and Tamsulosin Therapy in Men With BOO and OAB: Conclusions Efficacy Improved QoL Increased bladder capacity Safety No acute urinary retention was observed Did not affect quality of urinary flow Did not affect postvoid residual urine volume “The proposed combination of Detrol® and tamsulosin appears to be an effective and relatively safe treatment option in patients with bladder outlet obstruction and detrusor overactivity” Athanasopoulos A, et al. J Urol. 2003;169:2253-2256.
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Surgical Therapy
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Indications for Surgery None Symptoms Pt. Choice AUR Bleeding Bladder Calculus UTI Renal Insufficiency Absolute Relative
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Alphabet Soup Electrosurgical TURP TUVP Gyrus TUIP Laser PVP HoLAP HoLEP ILC CLAP VLAP Open Suprapubic Retropubic Perineal Minimally-Invasive TUMT TUNA WIT TEAP Botox ILC
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Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP): Overview Advantages Availability of long-term outcomes data Good clinical results Treats prostates <150 g Low retreatment rate Low mortality Disadvantages Retrograde ejaculation Bleeding TUR Syndrome Catheter time Hospital Stay Borth CS et al. Urology. 2001;57:1082-1086. Mebust WK et al. J Urol. 1989;141:243-247. Wagner JR et al. Semin Surg Oncol. 2000;18:216-228. 7.21
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TURP: Efficacy Symptom improvement in 88% of patients 82% decrease in AUA Symptom Score 125% improvement in peak flow rate (Qmax) Re-op rate approx. 1.5%/yr Jepsen JV et al. Urology. 1998;51(suppl 4A):23-31. 7.22
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TURP: Complications Clot Retention 16% Urethral Stricture 8.4% Transfusions 7.0% TUR Syndrome 0.9% Incontinence 1.3% Hoffman RM, et al: J Urol 2003. 169: 210-215
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BPH, LUTS & SEX LUTS and ED are common in middle age and older men Sexual function is an important aspect of quality of life sexual activity decreases with age sexual problems increase with age
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BPH, LUTS & SEX Erectile dysfunction is often associated with chronic diseases (i.e. diabetes, hypertension, … ) 25% of men over 60 years have BPH and HTN (4) Recent community-based studies have shown a possible relationship between LUTS and sexual dysfunction (1,2,3) (1) Mc Farlane et al. - J.Clin.Epidemiol. 1996; 49:1171-76 (2) Franckel et al. - J.Clin.Epidemiol. 1998; 51:677-68 (3) Braun et al. - International Journal of Impotence Research 2000; 12:305-311 (4) Flack.Int. J. Clinical Practice 2002; 56(7): 527-530
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Are they related? Affects similarly aged populations All have significant negative impact upon quality of life Association versus Pathophysiologic link? Proof of link requires robust epidemiologic data analyzing a large cohort of a representative population in a cross-sectional fashion
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BPH and Sexual Dysfunction Chances of developing BPH and/or sexual dysfunction increase with age sympathetic overreactivity Treatments may cause sexual dysfunction erectile dysfunction (ED) altered ejaculation Treatments should be tailored according to QOL and sexual function issues DaSilva FC et al. Eur Urol. 1997;31:272-280. Zlotta AR et al. Eur Urol. 1999;36(suppl 1):107-112. 3.3 QOL = quality of life
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MSAM-7 Objectives: To evaluate in a population of men aged 50 to 80 years The incidence of LUTS The sexuality and the incidence of sexual disorders The possible relationship between LUTS, sexual dysfunction, and co-morbid medical conditions
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Methodology: Patients 14,000 men aged 50 to 80 in 7 countries (US, UK, F, D, I, Sp, NL) In each country, the sample was representative of the target population MSAM-7
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Postal questionnaire - Demographic characteristics - I-PSS and Quality of Life index - Dan-PSS sex (6 questions) - IIEF (15 questions) - Co-morbidity factors 12,815 questionnaire were exploitable (89.9%) Methodology: MSAM-7
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65 Average Number of Sexual Intercourse or Activity per Month Base: Total sample 5.8 6.0 5.4 6.3 6.5 5.3 5.6 6.5 5.8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Global Europe USA France Germany Italy Netherlands Spain UK
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66 8.6 7.6 6.6 4.9 5.7 5.7 4.6 3.7 4.0 3.5 2.6 1.7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 Mild Moderate Severe 0 Mild Moderate Severe 0 Mild Moderate Severe Base: Total sample Average Number of Sexual Intercourse or Activity per Month LUTS
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MSAM-7: Sex Declined With Increasing Severity of LUTS *Among total sample. Age (years) N=12,815 (total sample) Rosen R et al. Eur Urol. 2003; 44:637-649. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 50-59 60-69 70-79 Average Number of Sexual Activities per Month*
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0 10 20 30 50-59 60-69 70-79 Average Erectile Function Score (IIEF)* Average score on a scale from 1 to 30 (6 questions) measured by IIEF Per question: 1 = Negative to 5 = Positive MSAM-7 ED Increased With Increasing Severity of LUTS Base: Men sexually active/sexual intercourse during past 4 weeks (n=9099) *as measured by IIEF. Rosen R et al. Eur Urol. 2003; 44:637-649. Age (years)
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Mechanisms for Co-existence of ED and BPH Diminished quality of life theory Increased sympathetic tone theory Ischemia/Endothelial Dysfunction NO alteration theory
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Sildenafil Citrate Improves LUTS Mulhall et al, 2002 Men (n=30) presenting with ED and LUTS (IPSS  10) No prior or current alpha-blocker therapy Treated with Viagra (standard fashion) Sequential assessment of IIEF and IPSS Statistically significant improvement in IPSS on Viagra
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Tadalafil for BPH/LUTS
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Take-Home Messages Aging Population= More BPH Not all Male LUTS=BPH Not all BPH=LUTS Consider Combination Therapy Quality of life issues