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Understanding Cancer PowerPoint Presentation

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Description : Check out this medical presentation on Bone Cancer (Sarcoma of Bone), which is titled "Understanding Cancer", to find a tutorial to understand cancer.

Tags : Bone Cancer, Sarcoma, Bone, understand cancer, tutorial

Published on : May 10, 2021 | Views : 2067 | Downloads : 3

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Slide 1-

Understanding Cancer Tutorial Information for Teachers Understanding Cancer Tutorial This tutorial was adapted from the Understanding Cancer: Cancer Tutorial available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer/cancer There are two forms for this PPT: Teacher Presentation version (with a script) Student Handout version (if printing, specify black/white on print menu)
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Understanding Cancer Tutorial Information for Teachers The National Cancer Institute has produced a series of cancer related PowerPoint tutorials. These are available as downloadable format at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer. Each PowerPoint in this series includes a teacher script. Once these have been downloaded, you may modify the slide show and print student handouts.
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Understanding Cancer Teacher Information Developed by: Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Ph.D. Donna Kerrigan, M.S. Jeanne Kelly Brian Hollen Discusses and illustrates what cancer is, explains the link between genes and cancer, and discusses what is known about the causes, detection, and diagnosis of the disease. These PowerPoint slides are not locked files. You can mix and match slides from different tutorials as you prepare your own lectures. In the Notes section, you will find explanations of the graphics. The art in this tutorial is copyrighted and may not be reused for commercial gain. Please do not remove the NCI logo or the copyright mark from any slide. These tutorials may be copied only if they are distributed free of charge for educational purposes.
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Cancer
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Understanding Cancer Developed by: Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Ph.D. Donna Kerrigan, M.S. Jeanne Kelly Brian Hollen Discusses and illustrates what cancer is, explains the link between genes and cancer, and discusses what is known about the causes, detection, and diagnosis of the disease.
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Lung Breast (women) Colon Bladder Prostate (men) Fat Bone Muscle Lymph nodes Bloodstream What are some different kinds of cancer?
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What are some different kinds of cancer? Lung Breast (women) Colon Bladder Prostate (men) Sarcomas: Fat Bone Muscle Lymphomas: Lymph nodes Leukemias: Bloodstream Carcinomas:
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Prefix Meaning adeno- gland chondro- cartilage erythro- red blood cell hemangio- blood vessels hepato- liver lipo- fat lympho- lymphocyte melano- pigment cell myelo- bone marrow myo- muscle osteo- bone Cancer Prefixes Point to Location What are some different kinds of cancer?
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How are Normal and Cancer Cell Division Different? Cancer cell division Normal cell division
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How are Normal and Cancer Cell Division Different? Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation Uncontrolled growth Cell Suicide or Apoptosis Cell damage— no repair Normal cell division
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How are normal and cancer growth different?
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How are normal and cancer growth different? Normal Growth Cell migration Dermis Dividing cells in basal layer Dead cells shed from outer surface Epidermis
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How are normal and cancer growth different? Underlying tissue The Beginning of Cancerous Growth
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How are normal and cancer growth different? Underlying tissue Tumors (Neoplasms)
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How are normal and cancer growth different? Cancer cells reinvade and grow at new location Invasion Cancer cells grow into surrounding tissues and blood vessels Metastasis Cancer cells are transported by the circulatory system to distant sites
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What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor? Malignant Time Benign
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What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor? Malignant (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites Time Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis
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Why are malignant tumors dangerous?
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Why are malignant tumors dangerous? Melanoma cells travel through bloodstream Melanoma (initial tumor) Brain Liver
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What is cancer screening?
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Why is cancer screening important?
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Why is cancer screening important? Early Cancer May Not Have Any Symptoms
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What are some types of cancer screening?
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What are some types of cancer screening? Abnormal Pap smear Normal Pap smear Cervical Cancer Screening (Pap Smear)
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What are some types of cancer screening? Breast Cancer Screening (Mammogram)
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What are some types of cancer screening? Prostate and Ovarian Cancer Screening (Blood Tests)
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What are some types of cancer screening? Colon Cancer Screening Fecal Occult Blood Test and Colonoscopy
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How is cancer diagnosed?
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What is a biopsy? How is the biopsy analyzed?
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What is a biopsy? How is the biopsy analyzed? Patient’s tissue sample or blood sample Genomic profile Proteomic profile Pathology
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What does a pathologist look for examining biopsy tissue?
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What does a pathologist look for examining biopsy tissue?
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What does a pathologist look for when he examines biopsy tissue with a microscope? Mild dysplasia Carcinoma in situ (severe dysplasia) Cancer (invasive) Normal Hyperplasia
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What does a pathologist look for when he/she examines biopsy tissue with a microscope? Mild dysplasia Carcinoma in situ (severe dysplasia) Cancer (invasive) Normal Hyperplasia
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What is the relationship between tumor grade and patient survival? General Relationship Between Tumor Grade and Prognosis Patient Survival Rate Years High grade III or IV Low grade I or II 100% 1 2 3 4 5
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What is the relationship between tumor grade and patient prognosis? Patient Survival Rate Years High grade III or IV Low grade I or II
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What does Stage III cancer mean? Five-Year Survival Rates for Patients with Melanoma (by stage) Stage at Time of Initial Diagnosis 100% 50% I II III
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What does Stage III cancer mean? Five-Year Survival Rates for Patients with Melanoma (by stage) Stage at Time of Initial Diagnosis 100% 50% I II III Stage III Cancer
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What Causes Cancer?
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What Causes Cancer? Some viruses or bacteria Heredity Diet Hormones Radiation Some chemicals
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How could you explain the differences in the cancer incidence in different countries?
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Population-Based Studies CANADA: Leukemia Regions of Highest Incidence BRAZIL: Cervical cancer U.S.: Colon cancer AUSTRALIA: Skin cancer CHINA: Liver cancer U.K.: Lung cancer JAPAN: Stomach cancer
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Is the incidence of these cancers due to genes, behavior, or environmental risk? 100 50 5 0 Stomach Cancer U.S. Japan Japanese families in U.S. 100 70 7 0 Colon Cancer U.S. Japan Japanese families in U.S.
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Is the incidence of these cancers due to genes behavior, or environmental risk? 100 50 5 0 Stomach Cancer (Number of new cases per 100,000 people) U.S. Japan Japanese families in U.S. 100 70 7 0 Colon Cancer (Number of new cases per 100,000 people) U.S. Japan Japanese families in U.S.
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What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Sunshine X-ray
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What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Some Carcinogenic Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke
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What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? 4000 3000 2000 1000 20-Year Lag Time Between Smoking and Lung Cancer Cigarettes Smoked per Person per Year Lung Cancer Deaths (per 100,000 people) Year Lung cancer (men) Cigarette consumption (men) 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 150 100 50
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What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Low Strength (Ultraviolet) Radiation Annual Sunshine (UV radiation) Skin Cancer Incidence Most Dallas Pittsburgh High Detroit Low Least
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What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? High-Strength (Atomic) Radiation Most High Low Least Leukemia Incidence X-ray Dose (atomic radiation)
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What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Virus inserts and changes genes for cell growth Cancer-linked virus Viruses
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What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Some Viruses Associated with Human Cancers
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What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Kaposi’s sarcoma Without disease Depressed immune system HIV infection KSHV infection
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What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Bacteria and Stomach Cancer H. pylori Patient’s tissue sample
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What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Inherited factor(s) All Breast Cancer Patients Other factor(s)
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What increases peoples’ risk of cancer? Inherited Conditions That Increase Risk for Cancer
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How do you know if you have genes that make getting cancer more likely? Genetic Testing
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How do you know if you have genes that make getting cancer more likely? Genetic Testing
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What happens to genes to cause cancer?
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What happens to genes to cause cancer? Chromosomes are DNA molecules Heredity Radiation Chemicals Viruses
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What happens to genes to cause cancer? DNA molecule Chemical bases G C T A
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What happens to genes to cause cancer? Additions Deletions Normal gene Single base change DNA C T A G C G A A C T A C A G G C G C T A A C A C T A G C T A A C T A C A G A A C T A C DNA Mutations
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How do mutations in oncogenes lead to cancer? Receptor DNA Cell proliferation Cell nucleus Transcription factors Signaling enzymes Growth factor
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How do mutations in oncogenes lead to cancer? Mutated/damaged oncogene Oncogenes accelerate cell growth and division Cancer cell Normal cell Normal genes regulate cell growth
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How do mutations in oncogenes lead to cancer? Receptor Normal Growth-Control Pathway DNA Cell proliferation Cell nucleus Transcription factors Signaling enzymes Growth factor
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How do mutations in oncogenes lead to cancer? Cell proliferation driven by internal oncogene signaling Transcription Activated gene regulatory protein Inactive intracellular signaling protein Signaling protein from active oncogene Inactive growth factor receptor
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How do mutations in tumor suppressor genes lead to cancer? Tumor Suppressor Gene Proteins DNA Signaling enzymes Transcription factors Cell proliferation
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How do mutations in tumor suppressor genes lead to cancer? Normal genes prevent cancer Remove or inactivate tumor suppressor genes Mutated/inactivated tumor suppressor genes Damage to both genes leads to cancer Cancer cell Normal cell
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How do mutations in tumor suppressor genes lead to cancer? Tumor Suppressor Gene Proteins DNA Cell nucleus Signaling enzymes Growth factor Receptor Transcription factors Cell proliferation
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How do mutations in the p53 gene lead to cancer?
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How do mutations in the p53 gene lead to cancer? Normal cell Cell suicide (Apoptosis) p53 protein Excessive DNA damage p53 Tumor Suppressor Protein Triggers Cell Suicide
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How do mutations in DNA Repair Genes cause cancer?
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How do mutations in DNA Repair Genes cause cancer? Cancer No cancer No DNA repair Normal DNA repair Base pair mismatch T C A T C A G T C G T C A G C A G T C G A G T G A G T A G T C A T C T C A T C
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What other kinds of mutations can lead to cancer? Genes Implicated in Cancer
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What other kinds of mutations can lead to cancer? Genes Implicated in Cancer
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Why does cancer risk increase with age? Risk Age Colon Breast
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Why does cancer risk increase with age? 400 300 200 100 Cancer Risk and Aging Number of Cancer Cases (per 100,000 people) Age of Person (in years) Colon Breast 0 20 40 60 80
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Cancer Tends to Involve Multiple Mutations Malignant cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites More mutations, more genetic instability, metastatic disease Proto-oncogenes mutate to oncogenes Mutations inactivate DNA repair genes Cells proliferate Mutation inactivates suppressor gene Benign tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis Time
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Cancer Tends to Corrupt Surrounding Environment Growth factors = proliferation Blood vessel Proteases Cytokines Matrix Fibroblasts, adipocytes Invasive Cytokines, proteases = migration & invasion
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What can people do to prevent cancer?
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What can people do to prevent cancer? Cancer viruses or bacteria Carcinogenic radiation Carcinogenic chemicals
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What can people do to prevent cancer? 15x 10x 5x Non-smoker Cigarettes Smoked per Day Lung Cancer Risk Increases with Cigarette Consumption Lung Cancer Risk 0 15 30
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What can people do to prevent cancer?
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What can people do to prevent cancer? 40x 30x 20x 10x Alcoholic Drinks Consumed per Day Packs of Cigarettes Consumed per Day Combination of Alcohol and Cigarettes Increases Risk for Cancer of the Esophagus Risk Increase AND
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What can people do to prevent cancer? 0 Number of Cases (per 100,000 people) Grams (per person per day) Correlation Between Meat Consumption and Colon Cancer Rates in Different Countries 40 30 20 10 300 200 100 80
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What can people do to prevent cancer?
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What can people do to prevent cancer? Noninfected women HPV Infection Increases Risk for Cervical Cancer Cervical Cancer Risk Low High Women infected with HPV
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What can people do to prevent cancer? Some Carcinogens in the Home and Workplace
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Does industrial pollution cause cancer?
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Does industrial pollution cause cancer? 1930 Incidence of Most Cancers Year 1990 1970 1950
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Is There a Cancer "Epidemic"?
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Is There a Cancer "Epidemic"?
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Write a paragraph to answer each of these questions.